Comparison of the Androgenic Response of Spring and Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract

Androgenesis is potentially the most effective technique for doubled haploid production of wheat. It is not however widely used in breeding programmes due to its main limitation: the genotype dependence. Due to genetic differences between spring and winter wheat, it was assumed that both phenotypes are different in their capacity to conduct androgenesis. And so, the aim of this investigation was to verify the effectiveness of androgenesis induction and plant regeneration of spring and winter wheat genotypes while considering varying amounts of growth hormones in the induction medium. Fifteen genotypes of spring wheat and fifteen of winter wheat were used in the experiment. Six hundred anthers of each of the 30 genotypes were plated and analysed. Previous studies have allowed selection of the best medium for wheat androgenesis and a combination of growth hormones that are the most effective in stimulating microspore proliferation. Therefore, C17 induction media with two combinations of growth hormones were used: I—supplemented only by auxins (2,4-D and dicamba), and II—supplemented by auxin and cytokinin (2,4-D and kinetin). Data was recorded according to the efficiency of androgenic structure formation (ASF), green plant regeneration (GPR), and albino plant regeneration (APR). The results showed that the induction and regeneration of androgenesis in the spring wheat were more efficient than in the winter ones. The spring genotypes formed more androgenic structures and green plants on anthers plated on the medium supplemented only by auxins, in contrast to the winter genotypes which were better induced and regenerated on the medium supplemented by auxin and cytokinin. The study showed that to increase the efficiency of androgenesis, it is necessary to select appropriate factors such as concentration and type of hormones in medium composition, affecting the course of the culturing procedure according to the winter or spring phenotype of donor plants.

In vitro anther culture as efficiently applied technique for doubled haploid production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

“…Most of the researchers, in their studies, e.g. Pauk et al (2003); Lantos et al (2013); Weigt et al (2016Weigt et al ( , 2019Weigt et al ( , 2020; Lazaridou et al (2016); Kanbar et al (2020aKanbar et al ( , 2020b, have used the field-grown donor plants that generate more tillers with large spikes, more anthers and microspores within anthers. This use has a positive effect on the androgenic number of embryo-like structures and green plantlets resulting in relatively high rates of doubled haploid plants for practical breeding programs and applied research.…”

“…In anther-and isolated microspore culture of wheat, the microspore embryogenic process was induced and tracked to examine the initial cell division and embryo formation of microspores (Indrianto et al, 2001;Datta, 2005;Dwivedi et al, 2015;Seldimirova et al, 2017;Niazian & Shariatpanahi, 2020). Depending on previous publications, most researchers isolated anthers that contain microspores at mid-to-late uninucleate stages (Soriano et al, 2007(Soriano et al, , 2008Broughton, 2008Broughton, , 2011Redha & Suleman, 2011;Rubtsova et al, 2013;Castillo et al, 2015;Weigt et al, 2016Weigt et al, , 2019Weigt et al, , 2020Lazaridou et al, 2016;Broughton et al, 2020;Orlowska et al, 2020). However, other researchers isolated anthers with microspores at early-and mid-uninucleate stage to induce androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) anther culture, e.g.…”

“…In in vitro anther culture method, most studies to improve this method focus on the application of convenient stress pre-treatments, like cold pretreatments, heat shock treatment, colchicine, hormones, and chemicals to induce androgenesis in cereals (Labbani et al, 2007), where this stress results in the repeated equivalent divisions of the microspore nucleus, thus the microspore development converts from the gametophytic pathway to sporophytic one (Zhou & Konzak, 1997;Zheng & Konzak, 1999;Barnabás et al, 1991;Lazaridou et al, 2016;Broughton et al, 2020;Weigt et al, 2020). The application of the pre-treatment should be convenient in order not to lead to a high mortality rate of cells or impair the cellular function (Makowska & Oleszczuk, 2014).…”

“…Due to existence of the strong genotype dependency between spring and winter wheat, it is indispensable to select the proper pre-treatment factors, such as cold pre -treatment, concentration, and hormone type in the induction medium adjusted either to the spring or the winter wheat. This was one of the indispensable solutions to increase the androgenic efficiency (Weigt et al, 2020). Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is more tolerant to low temperatures.…”

“…This fact leads to differences in the level of endogenous hormones induced in cells of spring and winter wheat during cold stress, and thus affects the efficiency of androgenesis. Weigt et al (2020) tested fifteen winter-and fifteen spring wheat genotypes separately using the microspore androgenesis method and analysed the differences between them in response to hormone content. They utilized C17 induction medium, which was supplemented with two combinations of growth hormones: I-the auxins only (1 mg/L of 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + 1 mg/L of dicamba, and II-auxin and cytokinin (1.5 mg/L of 2,4 -D + 0.5 mg/L of kinetin).…”