Comparison of Small Gut and Whole Gut Microbiota of First-Degree Relatives With Adult Celiac Disease Patients and Controls

Abstract

Recent studies on celiac disease (CeD) have reported alterations in the gut microbiome. Whether this alteration in the microbial community is the cause or effect of the disease is not well understood, especially in adult onset of disease. The first-degree relatives (FDRs) of CeD patients may provide an opportunity to study gut microbiome in pre-disease state as FDRs are genetically susceptible to CeD. By using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we observed that ecosystem level diversity measures were not significantly different between the disease condition (CeD), pre-disease (FDR) and control subjects. However, differences were observed at the level of amplicon sequence variant (ASV), suggesting alterations in specific ASVs between pre-disease and diseased condition. Duodenal biopsies showed higher differences in ASVs compared to fecal samples indicating larger disruption of the microbiota at the disease site. The duodenal microbiota of FDR was characterized by significant abundance of ASVs belonging to Parvimonas, Granulicatella, Gemella, Bifidobacterium, Anaerostipes, and Actinomyces genera. The duodenal microbiota of CeD was characterized by higher abundance of ASVs from genera Megasphaera and Helicobacter compared to the FDR microbiota. The CeD and FDR fecal microbiota had reduced abundance of ASVs classified as Akkermansia and Dorea when compared to control group microbiota. In addition, predicted functional metagenome showed reduced ability of gluten degradation by CeD fecal microbiota in comparison to FDRs and controls. The findings of the present study demonstrate differences in ASVs and predicts reduced ability of CeD fecal microbiota to degrade gluten compared to the FDR fecal microbiota. Further research is required to investigate the strain level and active functional profiles of FDR and CeD microbiota to better understand the role of gut microbiome in pathophysiology of CeD.

The Gut Microbial Diversity of Newly Diagnosed Diabetics but Not of Prediabetics Is Significantly Different from That of Healthy Nondiabetics

“…DNA was quantified using NanoDrop (ND-1000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA), and the quality of DNA was checked by gel electrophoresis. The DNA samples were subjected to amplification of 16S rRNA gene using V4 region-specific primers (V4 Forward [5=GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA3=] and V4 Reverse [5=GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT3=]) (61). PCR was performed using the following conditions: initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min; 25 cycles with 1 cycle consisting of 95°C for 30 s, 55°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s; and a final extension step at 72°C for 7 min (61).…”

Gut, oral and skin microbiome of Indian patrilineal families reveal perceptible association with age

“…Hence, the Indian population provides a unique opportunity to understand age-related changes in the human microbiome. Studies relating to the influence of FUT2 and birth mode variants on microbiome 31 , diabetes-associated microbiome 32 , obesity-related microbiome 33 , the microbiome of celiac disease patients 34 , an association of microbiome with ayurvedic Prakriti types 35 , microbiome structure of rural, urban 36 and tribal 37 populations were carried out in the Indian populations. However, age-related changes in the human microbiome across different body habitats are unknown.…”

Fecal microRNAs as Innovative Biomarkers of Intestinal Diseases and Effective Players in Host-Microbiome Interactions

“…As outlined for CRC, gut microbiota alteration is also associated to CD; bacterial composition shift can be the cause or can contribute to the onset and clinical manifestations of CD [173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188]. An overall unbalance between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is frequently observed in CD patients resulting in intestinal dysbiosis [163,[174][175][176]. In particular, an increase in members belonging to Bacteroides, Firmicutes, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus, and a decrease in Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Prevotella and Lactobacillus spp.…”

“…and Leuconostoc compared to the normal population [163,175,[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185]. The overall composition and dynamic of gut microbiota in CD patients were reviewed elsewhere [165,[173][174][175][176]185,186]. Although there are ecological differences in the upper and lower part of the intestinal tract that influence the microbiota composition, the bacterial signatures detected in biopsies and feces of CD patients were found to be correlated [179,188].…”