Comparison of six in‐house tests for the rapid diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukaemia virus infections

Hartmann, Katrin; Werner, R. Marshall; Egberink, Herman; Jarrett, O

doi:10.1136/vr.149.11.317

Cited by 41 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…12,16,21 In our study, testing in parallel reduced, but did not completely eliminate, the occurrence of false-positives. in parallel), preferably from different manufacturers, has been suggested as an option for confirmatory testing when virus isolation, immunofluorescence and ELISA testing are unavailable.…”

Section: Felv Diagnosis Using Whole Blood and Poc Antigen Test Kitscontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…[12][13][14] More details of other diagnostic methods of FIV detection, including virus isolation, western blotting and PCR testing are published elsewhere. [12][13][14] More details of other diagnostic methods of FIV detection, including virus isolation, western blotting and PCR testing are published elsewhere.…”

Section: Felv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13,36 In our work to date, we have evaluated PoC test results against proviral PCR testing, 37,38 as has also been done by other researchers. Consequently, inclinic diagnosis of FeLV infection relies on antigen testing rather than antibody testing.…”

Section: Felv Diagnosis Using Whole Blood and Poc Antigen Test Kitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians

2019

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With the commercial release in Australia in 2004 of a vaccine against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV; Fel‐O‐Vax FIV®), the landscape for FIV diagnostics shifted substantially. Point‐of‐care (PoC) antibody detection kits, which had been the mainstay for diagnosing FIV infection since the early 1990s, were no longer considered accurate to use in FIV‐vaccinated cats, because of the production of vaccine‐induced antibodies that were considered indistinguishable from those produced in natural FIV infections. Consequently, attention shifted to alternative diagnostic methods such as nucleic acid detection. However, over the past 5 years we have published a series of studies emphasising that FIV PoC test kits vary in their methodology, resulting in differing accuracy in FIV‐vaccinated cats. Importantly, we demonstrated that two commercially available FIV antibody test kits (Witness™ and Anigen Rapid™) were able to accurately distinguish between FIV‐vaccinated and FIV‐infected cats, concluding that testing with either kit offers an alternative to PCR testing. This review summarises pertinent findings from our work published in a variety of peer‐reviewed research journals to inform veterinarians (particularly veterinarians in Australia, New Zealand and Japan, where the FIV vaccine is currently commercially available) about how the approach to the diagnosis of FIV infection has shifted. Included in this review is our work investigating the performance of three commercially available FIV PoC test kits in FIV‐vaccinated cats and our recommendations for the diagnosis of FIV infection; the effect of primary FIV vaccination (three FIV vaccines, 4 weeks apart) on PoC test kit performance; our recommendations regarding annual testing of FIV‐vaccinated cats to detect ‘vaccine breakthroughs’; and the potential off‐label use of saliva for the diagnosis of FIV infection using some FIV PoC test kits. We also investigated the accuracy of the same three brands of test kits for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) diagnosis, using both blood and saliva as diagnostic specimens. Based on these results, we discuss our recommendations for confirmatory testing when veterinarians are presented with a positive FeLV PoC test kit result. Finally, we conclude with our results from the largest and most recent FIV and FeLV seroprevalence study conducted in Australia to date.

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Section: Felv Diagnosis Using Whole Blood and Poc Antigen Test Kitscontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Felv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians

2019

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“…About 15% of stray cats on St. Kitts are seropositive for FIV by the SNAP FIV/FeLV Combo Test [5]. Although this test has high sensitivity, it may produce false positive results [7] and it has been recommended that positive results are confirmed with other tests [8]. Further, the test does not enable the discrimination of the FIV subtypes that occur.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of feline immunodeficiency virus subtype-B on St. Kitts, West Indies by quantitative PCR

Kelly

Stocking

Gao

et al. 2011

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Although antibodies to the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) have been detected by SNAP assay in cats from St. Kitts, there have been no molecular studies to further confirm the infection and determine the FIV subtypes present. Methodology: Total nucleic acids were extracted from EDTA whole blood specimens from 35 cats, followed by quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) PCR under a six-channel LightCycler 2.0 Instrument with Software version 4.1. Results: Four of 11 stray cats (36 %) but none of 24 owned cats were FIV positive by real-time PCR. High-resolution melting curve analysis indicated that all four positive cats were infected with FIV subtype-B. Conclusions: This is the first molecular characterization of FIV subtypes on St. Kitts and the results confirm the high prevalence of FIV infection in stray cats on the island.

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“…Several rapid, sensitive, and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are widely available for detection of FIV antibodies from domestic cats (159). Several laboratories offer PCR-based assays for FIV detection, although these are less reliable (221).…”

Section: Fivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses

2006

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SUMMARY Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.

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Comparison of six in‐house tests for the rapid diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency and feline leukaemia virus infections

Cited by 41 publications

References 26 publications

Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians

Diagnosing feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection: an update for clinicians

Identification of feline immunodeficiency virus subtype-B on St. Kitts, West Indies by quantitative PCR

Going Wild: Lessons from Naturally Occurring T-Lymphotropic Lentiviruses

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