Comparison of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Human Milk after mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection

Juncker, Hannah G.; Mulleners, Sien J.; Gils, Marit J. van; Bijl, Tom P. L.; Groot, Christianne de; Kőrösi, Anikó; Goudoever, Johannes B. van; Keulen, Britt J. van

doi:10.3390/vaccines9121475

Cited by 13 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Women who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and were subsequently vaccinated during the lactation period had the highest antibody levels in breast milk compared to those only infected or vaccinated. This is consistent with previous studies in human milk ( Juncker et al, 2021 ) as well as in serum ( Gils et al, 2021 , Manisty et al, 2021 ) where just one dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine elicited significantly higher antibody levels in previously infected participants. We showed a positive correlation between SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in serum and in human milk, in line with previous studies ( Demers-Mathieu et al, 2021 , Gonçalves et al, 2021 , Whited and Cervantes, 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: A cohort study

Olearo

Radmanesh²,

Felber³

et al. 2022

Journal of Reproductive Immunology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: A cohort study

Olearo

Radmanesh²,

Felber³

et al. 2022

Journal of Reproductive Immunology

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“…In a fifth study (40) (n = 26) one or more side effects were reported by 57% of the participants after the first dose. After the second dose, one or more side effects were reported by 81% of the participants.…”

Section: Side-effects In the Mother After Covid-19 Vaccination During...mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Of the 30 included references, 1 study reports on the excretion of COVID-19 components in breast milk (17), 20 studies report on the excretion of antibodies in breast milk (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36), 1 study report on the excretion of other immunological factors (37) and 1 study reports on the impact of vaccination on breast milk production (38). Two studies report on both side effects and the excretion of COVID-19 antibodies (39,40), 1 study reports on the excretion of COVID-19 antibodies and the excretion of vaccine components (41), 3 studies report on side effects and the impact of vaccination on breast milk production (42)(43)(44)) and 1 study reports on side effects, the impact of vaccination on breast milk production and on breast milk production (45).…”

Section: Included Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the first dose, the most reported side effects were local pain or swelling (6/26, 28.6%) and muscles aches (5/ 26, 23.8%). After the second dose fatigue (7/26, 33.3%), local pain or swelling (6/26, 28.6%), fever (5/26, 23.8%) and headache (5/ 26, 23.8%) were the most frequently reported side effects (40).…”

Section: Side-effects In the Mother After Covid-19 Vaccination During...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination on Lactating Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature

et al. 2022

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ObjectivesThe availability of new vaccines against COVID-19 urges for guidance about vaccination during lactation. We aimed to review the literature to get an insight into the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on lactating women.DesignSystematic review.Data SourcesWe searched Ovid Embase Classic+Embase, PubMed and BioMed Central for articles published between December 1st 2020 and December 31st 2021.Review MethodsThe search strategy contained terms and combinations related to COVID-19 vaccination during lactation, including the MeSH terms “COVID-19”, “COVID-19 Vaccines”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “Lactation”, “Breast Feeding”, “Pregnancy” and “Postpartum period”. The database search was completed with a manual search of the reference lists of included articles. Data concerning country, study period, number of participants, type of applied vaccine, time points of sampling and outcome measures were collected from the selected manuscripts. The data are summarized and synthesized in a descriptive way.Results30 manuscripts were included in this review. Data on safety of COVID-19 vaccination during lactation indicate no severe vaccine-related local and systemic reactions, both after first and second dose, neither in the mother nor the nursing child. No significant amount of vaccine components seems to appear in breast milk. Milk supply data after vaccination are inconclusive as there are no quantitative data available. Some women however observe a temporary increase or reduction in milk supply, without long-term effects. All prospective cohort studies demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in breast milk of nursing mothers vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Nearly all studies were conducted with mRNA vaccines.ConclusionThere is evidence that the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine is safe and poses no additional risk to the breastfeeding woman or the breastfed baby. After vaccination of the mother during the lactation period, antibodies appear in the milk, which could protect the infant against COVID-19. Professional associations and government health authorities should therefore recommend offering COVID-19 vaccines to breastfeeding women, as the potential benefits of maternal vaccination while breastfeeding outweigh the risks.

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“…Human milk antibodies are suggested to play an important role in the protection against respiratory infections (2)(3)(4)(5). Antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been found in human milk after maternal infection and vaccination (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). It is very likely that these antibodies play a critical role in protecting the infant against COVID-19.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Stress and Human Milk Antibodies During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2022

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ImportanceSARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk might protect the breastfed infant against COVID-19. One of the factors that may influence human milk antibodies is psychological stress, which is suggested to be increased in lactating women during the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveTo determine whether psychological stress is increased in lactating women during the COVID-19 pandemic, and if maternal stress is associated with the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk.DesignPopulation-based prospective cohort study.SettingData collection took place in the Netherlands between October 2020 and February 2021.ParticipantsLactating women living in the Netherlands were eligible to participate in this study. In total, 2310 women were included.ExposuresStress exposure during the COVID-19 pandemic was determined using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire and maternal lifetime stress was determined by the Life Stressor Checklist – revised (LSC-r) questionnaire.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Stress experience during the COVID-19 pandemic was compared with a pre-pandemic cohort. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human milk were measured using an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) with the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The association between maternal stress and human milk antibodies was determined using a multiple regression model.ResultsThe PSS score of lactating mothers was not increased during the pandemic compared to the PSS score in the prepandemic cohort. Six hundred ninety-one participants had SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and were included in the regression models to assess the association between maternal stress and human milk antibodies. No association was found between PSS scores and human milk antibodies. In contrast, the LSC-r score was negatively associated with SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in human milk (β = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.997, p = 0.03).Conclusions and RelevanceOur results suggest that lactating women in the Netherlands did not experience higher stress levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. Breastfed infants of mothers with high chronic stress levels receive lower amounts of antibodies through human milk, which possibly makes them more vulnerable to respiratory infections. This emphasizes the importance of psychological wellbeing during lactation.

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Comparison of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Human Milk after mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: A cohort study

Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk during lactation after infection or vaccination: A cohort study

The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination on Lactating Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Maternal Stress and Human Milk Antibodies During the COVID-19 Pandemic

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