Comparison of RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of young cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems

Ibraheem, Wael; Fageeh, Hammam Ibrahim; Preethanath, Reghunathan S.; Alzahrani, Fawziah Ahmed; Al-Zawawi, Abeer S; Divakar, Darshan Devang; Al‐Kheraif, Abdulaziz A.

doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104714

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…A typical feature of periodontal disease associated with tobacco smoking is a greater destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth with clinical attachment loss [ 67 ]. Many studies, reported in this review, agreed with this; in fact, Mokeem et al, BinShabaib et al, Ibraheem et al and Fangxi Xu et al described that CS had the worst CAL values compared to NS [ 50 , 54 , 58 , 65 ]. Aldakheel et al also came to the same conclusion, reporting higher CAL values in CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis compared to NS without periodontitis [ 57 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Aldakheel et al also came to the same conclusion, reporting higher CAL values in CS, E-Cigs and NS with periodontitis compared to NS without periodontitis [ 57 ]. Nevertheless, Ibraheem et al found similar CAL values between CS and E-Cigs [ 58 ]; consistently, Vohra et al and Javed et al found no difference in CAL values between CS, E-Cigs and NS [ 55 , 56 ]. Mokeem et al and BinShabaib et al found no statistically significant differences in CAL between NS and E-Cigs [ 50 , 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These findings suggest that nicotine-containing e-cigarettes may cause vasoconstriction within both outer periodontal and peri-implant tissues, similarly to traditional tobacco products [ 68 ], although such an effect may not be as strong as that that related to tobacco products. Tatullo et al found that BoP decreased over a 4-month period in e-cigarette smokers who were former smokers, even if they had been smoking for more than 10 years [ 47 ]; nonetheless, a few authors did not find statistically significantly differences between smokers and those who had never smoked [ 51 , 58 , 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding plaque accumulation, many authors reported higher PI values in CS and E-Cigs compared to NS [ 53 , 58 , 59 , 64 ]. In more detail, Vohra et al reported that CS had the worst PI values compared to E-Cigs and NS [ 55 ]; conversely, AlJasser et al found that NS had worse plaque conditions than E-Cigs and CS [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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The aim of the present systematic review was to evaluate and possibly differentiate the effects of traditional cigarettes, heat-not-burn tobacco, and electronic cigarettes on periodontal and peri-implant health status. Electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco have become very popular in recent years and have been proposed to consumers as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco smoke, although their effect on periodontal and peri-implant health remains unclear. The study protocol was developed according to PRISMA guidelines, and the focus question was formulated according to the PICO strategy. A literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE and the COCHRANE library from 2003 to April 2022. From the 1935 titles initially identified, 18 articles were finally included in the study and extracted data were qualitatively synthesized. It may be carefully concluded that e-cigarettes may cause attenuated clinical inflammatory signs of periodontitis and, hypothetically, of peri-implantitis when compared to conventional tobacco smoke. Both alternative smoking products, containing nicotine, may likewise exert negative effects on periodontal and peri-implant health, as demonstrated by in vitro studies. Further investigations are needed to assess the impact of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products on periodontal and peri-implant health status.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…Habitual use of combustible tobacco products such as cigarettes is a well-known risk factor of oral diseases including periodontitis [ 14 – 17 ]. From a clinical perspective, studies [ 18 , 19 ] have shown that cigarette-smoking as well as waterpipe usage are risk-factors of periodontitis as these individuals demonstrate significantly high scores of plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and radiologic marginal bone loss (MBL) compared with never-smokers. Laboratory-based investigations [ 10 , 20 ] have also shown that tobacco-smoking is associated with increased formation and accumulation of AGEs in periodontal tissues compared with never-smokers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased expression of advanced glycation endproducts in the gingival crevicular fluid compromises periodontal status in cigarette-smokers and waterpipe users

et al. 2022

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Background The aim was to assess the association between levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal parameters among cigarette-smokers and waterpipe-users. Methods Self-reported cigarette-smokers; waterpipe-users and never-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], clinical attachment loss [AL], probing depth [PD], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were assessed in all groups. The GCF samples were collected using standard techniques and assessed for AGEs levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sample-size estimation was done and group-comparisons were done. Correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters was assessed using a logistic regression model. Level of significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Eighty-two individuals (28 cigarette-smokers, 28 waterpipe-users and 26 never-smokers) were included. There was no difference in mean ages of all patients. Cigarette-smokers had a smoking history of 5.1 ± 0.2 pack years and waterpipe-users were using waterpipe for 4.4 ± 0.6 years. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, GI, clinical AL, PD and MBL in all groups. Levels of AGEs were significantly higher among cigarette-smokers (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. There was no significant correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters in all groups. Conclusion Clinical periodontal status of individuals with a short history of cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-usage may appear similar to never-smokers. On a molecular level, cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-users express raised levels of AGEs than never-smokers that sirens about the ongoing yet latent periodontal inflammatory process.

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The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis

Thiem,

Donkiewicz,

Rejaey

et al. 2023

Clin Oral Invest

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Objectives This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of electronic cigarettes on periodontal health compared to conventional cigarette smoke and a non-smoking population. Materials and methods MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov were screened for literature. Eligibility criteria included clinical studies published between 2006 and 2022 that compare e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health (bleeding on probing (BoP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), marginal bone loss (MBL), tooth loss, molecular inflammation markers, salivary flow rate). Meta-regression analysis was used to examine the influence of moderator variables. Results Sixteen studies were found to be eligible for qualitative synthesis. Individual analyses showed that cigarette smokers had significantly higher PI, PD, AL, and MBL and increased concentrations of proinflammatory mediators than e-cigarette users and non-smokers. Meta-analysis revealed a 0.33-fold lower chance for BoP in e-cigarette users compared to smokers (p = 0.03), whereby meta-regression failed to detect any effects regarding the age of users and frequency of smoking. A 0.01-fold decreased chance for positive BoP in e-cigarette users compared with non-smokers was seen (p < 0.01). Conclusions The current findings suggest that that e-cigarette use might be considered a healthier alternative to cigarette smoking concerning periodontal health. Even so, harmful effects of electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) usage on periodontal health were seen as well. However, a definitive decision on this research question remains elusive due to the absence of randomized controlled trials. Clinical relevance Electronic cigarettes, marketed as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, are becoming increasingly popular. Evidence on the use of electronic cigarettes as a cessation aid and its beneficial impact compared to cigarette smoke remains inconclusive, so the analysis conducted in this review addresses a recent question of high clinical relevance.

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Comparison of RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of young cigarette- and waterpipe-smokers and individuals using electronic nicotine delivery systems

Cited by 20 publications

References 41 publications

Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Status in Traditional vs. Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco and Electronic Cigarettes Smokers: A Systematic Review

Increased expression of advanced glycation endproducts in the gingival crevicular fluid compromises periodontal status in cigarette-smokers and waterpipe users

The impact of electronic and conventional cigarettes on periodontal health—a systematic review and meta-analysis

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