Increased expression of advanced glycation endproducts in the gingival crevicular fluid compromises periodontal status in cigarette-smokers and waterpipe users

Abstract

Background The aim was to assess the association between levels of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and periodontal parameters among cigarette-smokers and waterpipe-users. Methods Self-reported cigarette-smokers; waterpipe-users and never-smokers were included. Demographic data was recorded using a questionnaire. Periodontal parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], clinical attachment loss [AL], probing depth [PD], and marginal bone loss [MBL]) were assessed in all groups. The GCF samples were collected using standard techniques and assessed for AGEs levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sample-size estimation was done and group-comparisons were done. Correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters was assessed using a logistic regression model. Level of significance was set at P < 0.01. Results Eighty-two individuals (28 cigarette-smokers, 28 waterpipe-users and 26 never-smokers) were included. There was no difference in mean ages of all patients. Cigarette-smokers had a smoking history of 5.1 ± 0.2 pack years and waterpipe-users were using waterpipe for 4.4 ± 0.6 years. There was no statistically significant difference in PI, GI, clinical AL, PD and MBL in all groups. Levels of AGEs were significantly higher among cigarette-smokers (P < 0.001) and waterpipe-users (P < 0.001) than never-smokers. There was no significant correlation between levels of GCF AGEs levels and periodontal parameters in all groups. Conclusion Clinical periodontal status of individuals with a short history of cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-usage may appear similar to never-smokers. On a molecular level, cigarette-smoking and waterpipe-users express raised levels of AGEs than never-smokers that sirens about the ongoing yet latent periodontal inflammatory process.

Association of Peri-Implant Health Status With COVID-19

“…From the authors perspective, this statement is perplexing as poor OHS is an independent risk-factor of oral inflammatory conditions including periodontitis and peri-implant diseases. 25 , 28 , 33 , 34 Moreover, habitual use of nicotinic products such as cigarettes, CVD and impaired glycemic levels (often manifested in patients with DM) are classical risk factors of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. 25 , 35 , 36 , 37 Interestingly, in the study by Anand et al 5 tobacco-smokers and patients with DM were also included.…”

“… 25 , 28 , 33 , 34 Moreover, habitual use of nicotinic products such as cigarettes, CVD and impaired glycemic levels (often manifested in patients with DM) are classical risk factors of periodontal and peri-implant diseases. 25 , 35 , 36 , 37 Interestingly, in the study by Anand et al 5 tobacco-smokers and patients with DM were also included. 26 , 38 , 39 , 40 The mere clarification that Anand et al 5 provided for including smokers and immunosuppressed individuals in the study population was “these risk factors were not significantly different between the groups”.…”

“…A plastic and graded probe was used to record periodontal and peri-implant PD (Hu-Friedly, Chicago, IL, USA). Using long-cone paralleling technique 25 , 26 digital bitewing x-rays were taken by a calibrated investigator (Kappa score 0.88) who also measured CBL on mesial and distal surfaces of implants and marginal bone loss (MBL) on mesial and distal surfaces of teeth. The MBL and CBL were gauged as the vertical distance extending from 2mm below the cemento-enamel junction and implant-abutment connection to alveolar crest.…”

Cytological Changes and Immunocytochemistry Expression of P53 in Oral Mucosa Among Waterpipe Users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

“…In contrast, the risk of developing oral cancer due to smoking can be reduced if patients quit smoking at an early age. Oral cancer rates worldwide have been shown to correspond with the prevalence of tobacco use [ 2 ].…”

Cytological changes and ki-67 protein expression in oral mucosa among water pipe users in the KSA

“…In contrast, the possibility of contracting oral cancer as a result of smoking can be reduced if patients quit smoking at an early age. Oral cancer rates across the world have been shown to correspond with the prevalence of tobacco use (Ali et al, 2022).…”