Comparison of peak and average nitrogen dioxide concentrations inside homes

Franklin, Peter; Runnion, T.; Farrar, D.; Dingle, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.042

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Another limitation of this study is that short-term peak levels of exposure were not measured. Repeated exposures to short-term peaks of NO 2 have been suggested to be a more important determinant of airway symptoms than total dose or absolute background exposure levels [36][37][38]. PILOTTO et al [39] reported that exposure to hourly peak levels of ,80 ppb in comparison to background levels of 20 ppb were associated with an increase in sore throats, colds and absences from school in children aged 6-11 yrs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The respiratory health effects of nitrogen dioxide in children with asthma

Gillespie-Bennett¹,

Pierse²,

Wickens³

et al. 2010

European Respiratory Journal

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There is growing evidence that asthma symptoms can be aggravated or events triggered by exposure to indoor nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) emitted from unflued gas heating.The impact of NO 2 on the respiratory health of children with asthma was explored as a secondary analysis of a randomised community trial, involving 409 households during the winter period in 2006 (June to September).Geometric mean indoor NO 2 levels were 11.4 mg?m -3, while outdoor NO 2 levels were 7.4 mg?m -3 . Higher indoor NO 2 levels (per logged unit increase) were associated with greater daily reports of lower (mean ratio 14, 95% CI 1.12-1.16) and upper respiratory tract symptoms (mean ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05), more frequent cough and wheeze, and more frequent reliever use during the day, but had no effect on preventer use. Higher indoor NO 2 levels (per logged unit increase) were associated with a decrease in morning (-17.25 mL, 95% CI -27.63--6.68) and evening (-13.21, 95% CI -26.03--0.38) forced expiratory volume in 1 s readings. Outdoor NO 2 was not associated with respiratory tract symptoms, asthma symptoms, medication use or lung function measurements.These findings indicate that reducing NO 2 exposure indoors is important in improving the respiratory health of children with asthma.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The respiratory health effects of nitrogen dioxide in children with asthma

Gillespie-Bennett¹,

Pierse²,

Wickens³

et al. 2010

European Respiratory Journal

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“…Furthermore, the multi-day averaging concentration data commonly used in health outcomes research often fail to reflect the short-term concentrations and temporal variability in exposures produced by indoor sources. [15, 16] Short-term increases in NO 2 concentrations, including daily concentrations, may reflect independent risk to adverse respiratory outcomes, in addition to adverse effects noted with longer-term average exposures. [13, 17, 18] In this study, we investigate the relationship between use of gas stoves and 24-hour NO 2 concentrations, and how daily NO 2 concentration impacts asthma morbidity in a cohort of children living in Baltimore city, where gas stove use is common (83% in prior studies)[6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

24-h Nitrogen dioxide concentration is associated with cooking behaviors and an increase in rescue medication use in children with asthma

Paulin

Williams

Peng

et al. 2017

Environmental Research

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Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a by product of combustion, is associated with poor asthma control in children. We sought to determine whether gas-fueled kitchen appliance use is associated with 24-hour indoor NO2 concentrations and whether these concentrations are associated with asthma morbidity in children. Children aged 5–12 years old with asthma were eligible. Mean 24-hour NO2 concentration was measured in the kitchen over a four-day sampling period and gas stove use was captured in time activity diaries. The relationship between stove and oven use and daily NO2 concentration was analyzed. Longitudinal analysis assessed the effect of daily NO2 exposure on symptoms, inhaler use, and lung function. Multivariate models were adjusted for age, sex, season, and maternal education. Thirty children contributed 126 participant days of sampling. Mean indoor 24-hour NO2 concentration was 58(48) ppb with a median (range) of 45(12-276) ppb. All homes had gas stoves and furnaces. Each hour of kitchen appliance use was associated with an 18ppb increase in 24-hour NO2 concentration. In longitudinal multivariate analysis, each ten-fold increase in previous-day NO2 was associated with increased night time inhaler use (OR=4.9, p=0.04). There were no associations between NO2 and lung function or asthma symptoms. Higher previous-day 24-hour concentration of NO2 is associated with increased night time inhaler use in children with asthma.

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“…While several measurement-based studies have reported time-resolved CO, e.g. (Mullen et al, 2016), only a few have reported time-resolved or peak NO2 concentrations resulting from NGCB use (Fortmann et al, 2001;Franklin et al, 2006;Moschandreas and Zabransky Jr, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a UK-based study with limited relevance to the US owing to differences in cooking equipment, (Franklin et al, 2006) used an innovative approach in asking participants to open a passive sampler whenever the oven or hot plate was used at least 15 min. A companion passive sampler was open continuously through the study period.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Singer

Pass

Delp

et al. 2017

Building and Environment

113

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METHODS: Combustion pollutant concentrations were measured during the scripted operation of natural gas cooking burners in nine homes. In addition to a base condition of closed windows, no forced air unit (FAU) use, and no mechanical exhaust, additional experiments were conducted while operating an FAU and/or vented range hood. Test homes included a 26m 2 tworoom apartment, a 134m 2 first floor flat, and seven detached homes of 117-226m 2 . There were four single-story, four two-story and one 1.5 story homes. Cooktop use entailed boiling and simmering activities, using water as a heat sink. Oven and broiler use also were simulated. Timeresolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles with diameters of 6 nm or larger (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the kitchen (K) and bedroom area (BR) of each home. CO2, NO, NO2, and PN data from sequential experiments were analyzed to quantify the contribution of burner use to the highest 1h and 4h time-integrated concentrations in each room.RESULTS: Four of the nine homes had kitchen 1h NO2 exceed the national ambient air quality standard (100 ppb). Two other homes had 1h NO2 exceed 50 ppb in the kitchen, and three had 1h NO2 above 50 ppb in the bedroom, suggesting substantial exposures to anyone at home when burners are used for a single substantial event. In all homes, the highest 1h kitchen PN exceeded 2 x10 5 cm -3 -h, and the highest 4h PN exceeded 3 x10 5 cm -3 -hr in all homes. The lowest 1h kitchen/bedroom ratios were 1.3-2.1 for NO in the apartment and two open floor plan homes. The largest K/BR ratios of 1h NO2 were in a two-story 1990s home retrofitted for deep energy savings: ratios in this home were 3.3 to 6.6. Kitchen 1h ratios of NO, NO2 and PN to CO2 were used to calculate fuel normalized emission factors (ng J -1 ). Range hood use substantially reduced cooking burner pollutant concentrations both in the kitchen and bedroom of several homes. A hood with large capture volume and a measured flow of 108 L/s reduced concentrations 80-95%.IMPLICATIONS: These measurements demonstrate that operation of natural gas cooking burners without venting can cause short-term kitchen concentrations of NO2 to exceed the US outdoor health standard, and can elevate concentrations of NO, NO2, and ultrafine particles throughout the home. Results are generally consistent with a recent simulation study that estimated widespread 1h NO2 exposures exceeding 100 ppb in homes that use gas burners without venting. While operating a venting range hood can greatly reduce pollutant levels from burner use (and presumably from cooking as well), performance varies widely across hoods. Increased awareness of the need to ventilate when cooking would substantially reduce in-home exposure to NO2 and ultrafine particles in California homes. Helping consumers select effective hoods, for example by publishing capture efficiency performance ratings, also would help reduce ex...

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Comparison of peak and average nitrogen dioxide concentrations inside homes

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

The respiratory health effects of nitrogen dioxide in children with asthma

The respiratory health effects of nitrogen dioxide in children with asthma

24-h Nitrogen dioxide concentration is associated with cooking behaviors and an increase in rescue medication use in children with asthma

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

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