Comparison of oral erythromycin formulations in the horse using pharmacokinetic profiles

Ewing, Patty J.; Burrows, George E.; MacAllister, Charles G.; Clarke, Cyril R.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2885.1994.tb00516.x

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In contrast to the present results, pharmacokinetic studies on erythromycin including the ethylsuccinate formulation have been reported, showing that much higher dosages (12.5 mgkg bwt, and 25 m a g bwt) given orally in single and multiple doses, respkctively, to mature horses did not cause gastrointestinal disturbances or colitis (Prescott et al 1983;Ewing et al 1994). The results may be indicative of differences in the colon microflora, in particular the presence or absence of potential pathogens and their antibiotic resistance patterns.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden

Gustafsson

Båverud

Gunnarsson

et al. 1997

Equine Veterinary Journal

101

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Summary In Sweden there are several reports of mares developing acute colitis while their foals were being treated orally for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia with the combination of erythromycin and rifampicin. In this study 6 adult horses were given low oral dosages of these antibiotics, singly or in combination. Within 3 days post administration of erythromycin, in one case in combination with rifampicin, 2 horses developed severe colitis (one fatal). Clostridium difficile was isolated from one of the horses, whereas no specific pathogens were isolated from the other. Both horses had typical changes in blood parameters seen in acute colitis. Clostridium difficile was also isolated from the faeces of a third horse given an even lower dosage of erythromycin in combination with rifampicin. This horse developed very mild clinical symptoms and recovered spontaneously. In the fourth horse given erythromycin only, very high numbers of Clostridium perfringens were isolated. The horses given rifampicin only did not develop any clinical symptoms and there were no major changes in their faecal flora. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that low dosages of erythromycin ethylsuccinate can induce severe colitis in horses associated with major changes of the intestinal microflora. Clostridium difficile has been demonstrated as a potential aetiological agent in antibiotic‐induced acute colitis.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden

Gustafsson

Båverud

Gunnarsson

et al. 1997

Equine Veterinary Journal

101

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“…Also, erythromycin serum concentrations were more persistent after estolate administration than those after ethylsuccinate form ( t ½λ : 2.92 and 1.53 h, respectively). Similar results have been found in horses (Ewing et al. , 1994) and human beings (Patamasucon et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…, 1988). In horses, Ewing et al. (1994) studied different erythromycin formulations and found that estolate and ethylsuccinate esters were not absorbed in half of the assayed animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin after the administration of intravenous and various oral dosage forms to dogs

Albarellos

Kreil

Ambros

et al. 2008

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the pharmacokinetic properties of different formulations of erythromycin in dogs. Erythromycin was administered as lactobionate (10 mg/kg, IV), estolate tablets (25 mg/kg p.o.) and ethylsuccinate tablets or suspension (20 mg/kg p.o.). After intravenous (i.v.) administration, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean +/- SD): AUC((0-infinity)) 4.20 +/- 1.66 microg x h/mL; C(max) 6.64 +/- 1.38 microg/mL; V(z) 4.80 +/- 0.91 L/kg; Cl(t) 2.64 +/- 0.84 L/h.kg; t((1/2)lambda) 1.35 +/- 0.40 h and MRT 1.50 +/- 0.47 h. After the administration of estolate tablets and ethylsuccinate suspension, the principal pharmacokinetic parameters were (mean +/- SD): C(max), 0.30 +/- 0.17 and 0.17 +/- 0.09 microg/mL; t(max), 1.75 +/- 0.76 and 0.69 +/- 0.30 h; t((1/2)lambda), 2.92 +/- 0.79 and 1.53 +/- 1.28 h and MRT, 5.10 +/- 1.12 and 2.56 +/- 1.77 h, respectively. The administration of erythromycin ethylsuccinate tablets did not produce measurable serum concentrations. Only the i.v. administration rendered serum concentrations above MIC(90) = 0.5 microg/mL for 2 h. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted as tissue erythromycin concentrations have not been measured in this study and, it is recognized that they can reach much higher concentrations than in blood, correlating better with clinical efficacy.

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“…HO-1 is considered as a heat shock protein [18,30,31]. In agreement, HO-1 mRNA expression is induced by hyperthermia in isolated rat hearts [32] and by heat shocks in cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes (Fig. 5).…”

Section: Control Vegf Ho-1mentioning

confidence: 55%

Differential regulation of cardiac heme oxygenase‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expressions by hemin, heavy metals, heat shock and anoxia

1996

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Increasing attention has been paid to the effects of hypoxia, heavy metals and heat shocks on gene expression and to the similarities in their actions. This paper compares mRNA levels of two putative hypoxia, heavy metal and heat shock sensitive genes: heine oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in myocyte-enriched cultures of neonatal rat heart cells. HO-1 mRNA expression is stimulated by hemin, Cd 2÷, Co 2+ and heat shocks but not by Ni 2+ or Mn 2+. It is stimulated by long (13 h) but not by short (4 h) periods of anoxia. Conversely, VEGF mRNA expression is stimulated by short as well as long periods of anoxia, by Cd 2+, Co 2+, Ni 2+ and Mn 2+ but not by hemin or heat shocks. The results suggest that heavy metals, anoxia and heat shocks exert their effects on VEGF and HO-1 mRNA expression through separate though potentially overlapping mechanisms. Increased expressions of HO-1 and VEGF may be both cardioprotective under hypoxic! ischemic conditions.

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Comparison of oral erythromycin formulations in the horse using pharmacokinetic profiles

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden

The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden

Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin after the administration of intravenous and various oral dosage forms to dogs

Differential regulation of cardiac heme oxygenase‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expressions by hemin, heavy metals, heat shock and anoxia

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