Comparison of midazolam and butorphanol combined with ketamine or dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint in howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) for vasectomy

Abstract

BackgroundThis study evaluated and compared cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters, as well as sedation, analgesia and recovery of two protocols: ketamine (10 mg/kg) or dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg), with midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg), IM (KBM and DBM, respectively) in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans).Material and methodsTwelve brown howler monkeys were selected in two groups and evaluated for cardiorespiratory parameters and sedation, from 5‐30 minutes after latency. Blood gas and arterial lactate were taken at 5 and 30 minutes. In the end, time and quality of recovery were evaluated.ResultsThe HR in DBM group was significantly lower at all times. The sedation score was higher in DBM. Recovery in DBM was faster. All animals had moderate hypoxaemia.ConclusionBoth protocols produce satisfactory anaesthesia and analgesia, but DBM provides deeper sedation with faster recovery. Oxygen supplementation is recommended in both due to hypoxaemia.

Evaluation of anaesthetic depth and cardiopulmonary effects of propofol infusion rate in Sapajus apella previously chemically contained with dextroketamine‐midazolam

“…3 The respiratory rate values obtained in this study are higher than those obtained in Cebus capucinus captured with a tiletamine-zolazepam combination. 16 As the combination of ketamine with other central nervous system depressants can promote significant respiratory depression, 17 which have been observed (hypoxemia and low oximetry) in howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) sedated with ketamine, midazolam and butorphanol, 18 we decided to supplement oxygen throughout the period the animals were under dissociative anaesthesia. In this condition, no animals presented apnoea or cyanosis.…”

Vasectomy of golden‐headed lion tamarins (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) using local anesthesia after sedation with dexmedetomidine‐ketamine‐meperidine

“…Animals presented a motor response to surgical stimuli and lidocaine was administered at the incision site. Local anesthetics are shown to improve antinociception to allow minor procedures in several species anesthetized with ketamine and α‐2 adrenoreceptor agonists 6,7 . It is possible that significant analgesia with meperidine was not obtained during the evaluation period, and animals benefited from it during the postoperative period.…”

Anesthetic effects of isoflurane and fentanyl infusion in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus sp) undergoing salpingectomy or deferentectomy, previously chemically restrained with ketamine–midazolam or ketamine–dexmedetomidine

“…Ketamine, which is a dissociative anesthetic, is commonly used intramuscularly for chemical restraint in primates 1 . Benzodiazepines, α2‐adrenergic agonists and opioids can be combined with ketamine for chemical restraint of capuchin monkeys 5–7 …”

“…of capuchin monkeys [5][6][7][18][19][20]. However, the dose combinations used in the present study had not yet been investigated.…”

“…1 Benzodiazepines, α2-adrenergic agonists and opioids can be combined with ketamine for chemical restraint of capuchin monkeys. [5][6][7]…”