Comparison of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interfaces for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds

Anacleto, Joseph F.; Ramaley, Louis; Benoit, Frank M.; Boyd, Robert K.; Quilliam, Michael A.

doi:10.1021/ac00118a018

Cited by 55 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Linear response over a wide concentration range is an attractive feature of APCI and has been reported by several authors [10,11]. Recently, Roussis and Fedora compared the ability of APCI and ESI to quantify polar and ionic compounds in petroleum products [12].…”

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confidence: 92%

Quantitative aspects of and ionization mechanisms in positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Herrera

Grossert

Ramaley

2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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The behavior in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of selected model polycyclic aromatic compounds, pyrene, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and fluorenone, was studied in the solvents acetonitrile, methanol, and toluene. Relative ionization efficiency and sensitivity were highest in toluene and lowest in methanol, a mixture of molecular ions and protonated molecules was observed in most instances, and interferences between analytes were detected at higher concentrations. Such interferences were assumed to be caused by a competition among analyte molecules for a limited number of reagent ions in the plasma. The presence of both molecular ions and protonated analyte molecules can be attributed to charge-transfer from solvent radical cations and proton transfer from protonated solvent molecules, respectively. The order of ionization efficiency could be explained by incorporating the effect of solvation in the ionization reactions. Thermodynamic data, both experimental and calculated theoretically, are presented to support the proposed ionization mechanisms. The analytical implications of the results are that using acetonitrile (compared with methanol) as solvent will provide better sensitivity with fewer interferences (at low concentrations), except for analytes having high gas-phase basicities. (J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2008, 19, 1926 -1941) © 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Mass Spectrometry T he analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in petroleum and environmental samples has been the subject of many investigations [1-3], due to their impact on the environment, refining processes, and product quality. However, success is often hindered by the number and low concentration of these compounds in such samples, as well as by the lack of standards. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC coupled with electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) are normally employed for samples containing robust, thermally stable analytes [4,5]. Atmospheric pressure ionization methods [6]-electrospray ionization (ESI) [7], atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [8], and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) [9]-in conjunction with liquid chromatography (LC) have been used for samples of more problematic analytes.It is generally believed that ESI suffers more from nonlinear response and matrix effects than APCI. Linear response over a wide concentration range is an attractive feature of APCI and has been reported by several authors [10,11]. Recently, Roussis and Fedora compared the ability of APCI and ESI to quantify polar and ionic compounds in petroleum products [12]. They obtained linear ranges of three orders of magnitude for both techniques, and higher sensitivity for ESI. However, the ESI response was nonlinear over the concentration range of interest, and they recommended the use of APCI for quantitative LC/MS applications.In the course of a study of the application of APCI to the analysis of nitrogen-and particularly sulfurcontaining PACs in petroleum samples, we observe...

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confidence: 92%

Quantitative aspects of and ionization mechanisms in positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Herrera

Grossert

Ramaley

2008

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…This result is in accordance with previous findings reporting that the protonated ion is often dominant for larger PAHs (Anacleto et al, 1995;Mansoori, 1998;Marvin et al, 1999). In addition, one can also notice that larger PAHs show a higher relative molar intensity, and are thus ionized more efficiently.…”

Section: Total Ionization Efficiencies Of Major Compound Classessupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Gas-phase ion-molecule reactions then lead to the final ionization of the analyte through a wide variety of possible ionization reactions, including proton transfer, adduct formation, and charge-transfer (Bruins, 1991;Covey et al, 2009;deHoffman et al, 2007). The most common type of ionized analytes will be the protonated or deprotonated form obtained by abstraction or donation of a proton to an acidic or basic reagent ion, respectively, but adducts and radical species may also be observed (Anacleto et al, 1995), while the ionization mechanism for deprotonation in negative mode would take place by abstraction of a proton by an OH -ion. The ionization mechanism in APPI, instead, uses photons in order to ionize gas phase molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Going Beyond the Analysis of Common Contaminants: Target, Suspect, and Non-Target Analysis of Complex Environmental Matrices by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Huba¹

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“…A number of interfaces have been employed for the determination of high-molecular mass PAHs, nitro-PAHs and hydroxy-PAHs in environmental samples, including moving belt (MB), 76 particle beam (PB), 74,77 atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) 73,[78][79][80] and electrospray interfaces. 78,81 Anacleto et al 82 compared MB, PB and APCI (heated pneumatic nebuliser, HPN) interfaces for the quantitative determination of high-molecular mass PACs. They underlined that MB use implied restrictions on compatible LC mobile phases, on the contrary the PB interface didn't give such a problem and provided a better MS background although it presented a worst response for PACs heavier than 380 Da and lighter than 200 Da.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere: Monitoring, Sources, Sinks and Fate. I: Monitoring and Sources

et al. 2004

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This is the first of a series of two papers intended to review the state-of-the-art knowledge on atmospheric PAHs, concerning their monitoring, sources and transformation processes in the atmosphere. The monitoring section briefly introduces this class of compounds, mainly focusing on the 16 PAHs indicated by the US-EPA as priority pollutants. These compounds undergo partitioning between the gas phase and particulate, which has to be considered in the choice of the sampling methodology. Furthermore, sampling artifacts may arise from further phase transfers inside the sampling device. After sampling, extraction, clean up and detection/quantification procedures will follow. They are closely related since the choice of the extraction technique will heavily condition the clean-up step, and both procedures will place demands on the performance of the detection technique (usually GC-MS or HPLC). This is particularly true in the case of complex samples such as those arising from atmospheric sampling. The sources of atmospheric PAHs are then discussed with a particular focus on receptor models, which can allow the apportionment of PAH sources based on concentration data that can be routinely obtained by pollution control networks.

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Comparison of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry interfaces for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds

Cited by 55 publications

References 5 publications

Quantitative aspects of and ionization mechanisms in positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Quantitative aspects of and ionization mechanisms in positive-ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Going Beyond the Analysis of Common Contaminants: Target, Suspect, and Non-Target Analysis of Complex Environmental Matrices by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere: Monitoring, Sources, Sinks and Fate. I: Monitoring and Sources

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