Comparison of iPad Pro®’s LiDAR and TrueDepth Capabilities with an Industrial 3D Scanning Solution

Vogt, Maximilian; Rips, Adrian; Emmelmann, Claus

doi:10.3390/technologies9020025

Cited by 76 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Also, the technical features, cost and manoeuvrability of both devices represent an interesting solution when compared to other more consolidated range-based techniques, already employed in various fields, such us Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) or Time of Flight (TOF) cameras (Chiabrando et al, 2011). The new iPad Pro could be compared to recently studied sensors not specifically developed for 3D metric survey; cameras embedded in smartphones are tested for metric reconstruction as low cost and rapid solutions in case of complex environment as underground cave (Dabove et al, 2019) or for small objects (Vogt et., 2021). Other studies are focused on flexible and light weight mobile mapping systems built-in tablet, as in the case of an object survey with the Lenovo tablet (Donlic et al, 2017), or wearable instrument, as the Microsoft Hololens tested for metric survey of architectures (Khoshelham et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ipad Pro Built-in Lidar Sensor: 3d Rapid Mapping Tests and Quality Assessment

Spreafico

Chiabrando

Losè

et al. 2021

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Abstract. The main goal of this ongoing research is the evaluation of the iPad Pro built-in LiDAR sensor for large scale 3D rapid mapping. Different aspects have been considered from the architectural surveying perspective and several analyses were carried out focusing on the acquisition phase and the definition of best practices for data collection, the quantitative analysis on the acquired data and their 3D positional accuracy assessment, and the qualitative analysis of the achievable metric products. Despite this paper is a preliminary analysis and deeper studies in various application environment are necessary, the availability of a LiDAR sensor embedded in a tablet or mobile phone, appears promising for rapid surveying purposes. According to test outcomes, the sensor is able to rapidly acquire reliable 3D point clouds suitable for 1:200 architectural rapid mapping; the iPad Pro could represent an interesting novelty also thanks to its price (compared to standard surveying instruments), portability and limited time required both for data acquisition and processing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ipad Pro Built-in Lidar Sensor: 3d Rapid Mapping Tests and Quality Assessment

Spreafico

Chiabrando

Losè

et al. 2021

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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“…The iOS of Apple's smartphones and tablets provides 3D data without the operator's measurement experiences, called TrueDepth Scanner, based on the structure-light principle 1 . TrueDepth-based 3D scanning shows the highest deviations in cylindricity (0.82 mm in average) and roundness (1.17 mm on average) 25 . In another 3D scanning study, Camison et al demonstrated that the points calculated from a total of 136 distances had an average deviation (mm) of 0.84 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, keeping the appropriate HDMM threshold without the new position for CBCT scanning is important for intolerant patients in GKRS frameless xation. 25 . The front-facing camera provides the depth data in real-time along with visual information, and the system uses a light-emitting diode to project an irregular grid of over 30,000 infrared dots to record the depth within milliseconds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, TrueDepth technology in the latest devices by Apple Inc. is used for measuring the task with accuracies in the millimeter range. TrueDepth uses vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology and consists of an infrared camera, a conventional camera, proximity sensor, pot projector, and ood illuminator 25 . The front-facing camera provides the depth data in real-time along with visual information, and the system uses a light-emitting diode to project an irregular grid of over 30,000 infrared dots to record the depth within milliseconds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Navigation of Frameless Fixation for Gammaknife Radiosurgery Using Fixed Augmented Reality

Moon

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Augmented reality (AR) offers a new medical treatment approach. We aimed to evaluate frameless fixation navigation using a 3D-printed patient model with fixed-AR technology for gammaknife radiosurgery. Fixed-AR navigation was developed using the inside-out method with visual inertial odometry algorithms, and the flexible Quick Response (QR) marker was created for object-feature recognition. Virtual 3D-patient models for AR-rendering were created via 3D-scanning utilizing TrueDepth and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to generate a new GammaKnife IconTM model. A 3D-printed patient model included fiducial markers, and virtual 3D-patient models were used to validate registration accuracy. Registration accuracy between initial frameless fixation and re-fixation navigated fixed-AR was validated through visualization. The quantitative method was validated through set-up errors, fiducial marker coordinates, and high-definition motion management (HDMM) values. 3D-printed models and virtual models were correctly overlapped under frameless fixation. Virtual models from both 3D-scanning and CBCT were enough to tolerate the navigated frameless re-fixation. Although the CBCT virtual model consistently delivered more accurate results, 3D-scanning was sufficient. Frameless re-fixation accuracy navigated in virtual models had mean set-up errors within 1 mm and 1.5° in all axes. Mean fiducial marker differences from coordinates in virtual models were within 2.5 mm in all axes, and mean 3D errors were within 3 mm. Mean HDMM difference values in virtual models were within 1.5 mm of initial HDMM values. The variability from navigation fixed-AR is enough to consider repositioning frameless fixation without CBCT scanning for treating patients fractionated with large multiple metastases lesions (>3 cm) who have difficulty enduring long beam-on time. This system could be applied to novel radiosurgery navigation for frameless fixation with reduced preparation time.

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“…It may also be possible to provide software solutions such as augmented reality. Technologies such as LiDAR (light detection and ranging) and TrueDepth [ 66 ], have become available in the latest iPhone and Android phones and tablets; therefore, it may be possible to overlay digital information on limbs and provide more accurate sensor placement instructions for home use.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repurposing an EMG Biofeedback Device for Gait Rehabilitation: Development, Validity and Reliability

Koiler

Bakhshipour

Glutting

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Gait impairment often limits physical activity and negatively impacts quality of life. EMG-Biofeedback (EMG-BFB), one of the more effective interventions for improving gait impairment, has been limited to laboratory use due to system costs and technical requirements, and has therefore not been tested on a larger scale. In our research, we aimed to develop and validate a cost-effective, commercially available EMG-BFB device for home- and community-based use. We began by repurposing mTrigger® (TJM Electronics, Warminster, PA, USA), a cost-effective, portable EMG-BFB device, for gait application. This included developing features in the cellphone app such as step feedback, success rate, muscle activity calibration, and cloud integration. Next, we tested the validity and reliability of the mTrigger device in healthy adults by comparing it to a laboratory-grade EMG system. While wearing both devices, 32 adults walked overground and on a treadmill at four speeds (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 m/s). Statistical analysis revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability (r > 0.89) and good to excellent agreement in the detection of steps (ICC > 0.85) at all speeds between two systems for treadmill walking. Our results indicated that mTrigger compared favorably to a laboratory-grade EMG system in the ability to assess muscular activity and to provide biofeedback during walking in healthy adults.

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Comparison of iPad Pro®’s LiDAR and TrueDepth Capabilities with an Industrial 3D Scanning Solution

Cited by 76 publications

References 14 publications

The Ipad Pro Built-in Lidar Sensor: 3d Rapid Mapping Tests and Quality Assessment

The Ipad Pro Built-in Lidar Sensor: 3d Rapid Mapping Tests and Quality Assessment

Navigation of Frameless Fixation for Gammaknife Radiosurgery Using Fixed Augmented Reality

Repurposing an EMG Biofeedback Device for Gait Rehabilitation: Development, Validity and Reliability

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