Comparison of hydro-distillation, hydro-distillation with enzyme-assisted and supercritical fluid for the extraction of essential oil from pineapple peels

Abstract

Pineapple peel is a potential feedstock for the extraction of essential oil due to the presence of aromatic compounds. To extract the essential oil from pineapple peels, three different methods were applied, i.e., (1) hydro-distillation (HD); (2) hydrodistillation with enzyme-assisted (HDEA); and (3) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). SFE had successfully produced an essential oil with the yield of 0.17% (w/w) together with 0.64% (w/w) of concrete, whereby the HD and HDEA had only produced hydrosols with the yield of 70.65% (w/w) and 80.65% (w/w), respectively. Parameters' optimization for HD (substrate to solvent ratio, temperature, and extraction duration) and HDEA (cellulase loading and incubation duration) significantly affected the hydrosol yield, but did not extract out the essential oil. This is because only SFE had successfully ruptured the oil gland after observed under the scanning electron microscope. The essential oil obtained from SFE composed of mainly propanoic acid ethyl ester (40.25%), lactic acid ethyl ester (19.35%), 2-heptanol (15.02%), propanol (8.18%), 3-hexanone (2.60%), and butanoic acid ethyl ester (1.58%). In overall, it can be concluded that the SFE had successfully extracted the essential oil as compared to the HD and HDEA methods.

Recent Updates on the Conversion of Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus) to Value-Added Products, Future Perspectives and Challenges

“…Pineapple waste is a potential feedstock for biodegradable material production due to the presence of its fibre [70]. The presence of aromatic compounds inside pineapple waste such as 2-heptanol, propanol and 3-hexanone increases the possibility to turn these wastes into essential oil [71]. High sugar content, antioxidants, bioactive compounds and bromelain enzyme and the presence of carbonyl, carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, as well as the abundance of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose, inside pineapple by-products have increased the potential of utilising these wastes for acid, bromelain, adsorbent as well as biofuel and biogas production.…”

Pineapple processing waste (PPW): bioactive compounds, their extraction, and utilisation: a review

“…The extraction techniques used here are hydrodistillation (HD), hydro-distillation with enzyme assisted pretreatment (HDEA) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Among these methods, SFE produced essential oil with a yield of 0.17% (w/w) and solid wax of about 0.64% (w/w)) (Mohamad et al 2019). The GC-MS analysis of essential oil extracted through SFE has 41 compounds representing 97.33% of essential oil.…”

“…The GC-MS analysis of essential oil extracted through SFE has 41 compounds representing 97.33% of essential oil. Among these compounds, propanoic acid ethyl ester was present in a higher proportion (40.25%) and is the most common compound found in other essential oils (Mohamad et al 2019). The analysis showed that extraction through HD and HDEA yielded hydrosol of about 70.65% (w/w) and 80.65% (w/ w), respectively.…”

Determination of the liquid-solid relation for the hydrodistillation process of <em>Cymbopogon citratus</em> (DC.) Stapf

“…The essential oil was extracted from fresh leaves of C. citratus, using a Clevenger type glass distiller, using the hydro-distillation technique ( Figure 1) [7]. Once the plant raw material was washed, it was chopped in order to obtain a greater contact surface area.…”