Comparison of Human and ATD Head Kinematics During Low-Speed Rearend Impacts

Effects of Olympic-style taekwondo kicks on an instrumented head-form and resultant injury measures

“…Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected using an eight-camera motion analysis system (OQUS 3-series, Qualisys, Sweden) sampling at 500 Hz to observe Hybrid II head as well as peak foot velocities 17 18. Data were collected from retro-reflective markers placed on the Hybrid II chin, head apex and base of the head to quantify peak head velocity (HVEL) at impact (figure 3) and the lateral malleolus and base of the fifth metatarsal of the kicking foot to quantify peak foot velocity (figure 4).…”

Biofidelic whole cervical spine model with muscle force replication for whiplash simulation

“…head and neck kinematics [33,34,47,48,49,55,71] and the electromyographic activity of the neck musculature [10,37,46,78]. However, by necessity, the in vivo studies apply impacts below the injury threshold.…”

“…The mathematical models are typically validated by selecting and simulating an in vivo experiment from the literature, thus limiting the validation to the particular sub-injury in vivo experiment selected [57,58]. Rear-impact simulations have been performed using anthropometric test dummies seated in automobiles or sleds [8,17,25,40,41,71,76,77]. High-speed crash simulations provide information useful for identifying the deficiencies in automobile crashworthiness and occupant-protection systems.…”

“…High-speed crash simulations provide information useful for identifying the deficiencies in automobile crashworthiness and occupant-protection systems. However, the kinematic response of dummy necks during low-speed collisions lacks biofidelity [17,25,39,40,71]. Whiplash simulations of whole cadavers seated within sleds have been conducted to model the response of an unwarned occupant [22,23,24,25,28,45,50,89].…”

The Effect of Trunk Flexion in Healthy Volunteers in Rear Whiplash-Type Impacts

“…This conclusion has not yet been confirmed by dedicated impact experiments with volunteers or through epidemiological surveys. We do know, however, based mainly on research involving volunteers, [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] that if the subject is in a neutral, upright posture the first movement of the body following collision is forward movement of the torso, which places the lower cervical segments in extension and the upper cervical segments in flexion because of the inertia. As viewed from the lateral aspect, this produces an elongated S-shaped curve to the cervical spine rather than simply the lordotic C curve that one would expect with neck extension alone.…”