Comparison of hippocampal interleukin-6 immunoreactivity after exhaustive exercise in both exercise-trained and untrained rats

Aral, Latife Arzu; Pınar, Lamia; Göktaş, Güleser; Deveden, Elçin Yaşar; Erdoğan, Deniz

doi:10.3906/sag-1305-23

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…IL-6 levels in astrocytes were under detection limits. IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with pro-but also antiinflammatory effects [54]. Many inflammatory factors, as well as neuropeptides and molecules, have been shown to affect IL-6 regulation in brain cells [55].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron homeostasis is altered in response to hypoxia and hypothermic preconditioning in brain glial cells

Aral¹,

Ergün²,

Engin³

et al. 2020

Turk J Med Sci

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Background/aim: Altered iron metabolism is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms occurring during hypoxic injuries in the central nervous system. Proper homeostasis of cellular iron is regulated by iron import, storage, and export proteins that prevent excess iron overload or iron starvation in cells. Therapeutic hypothermia is an approved treatment for hypoxic ischemia in newborns, but the underlying molecular mechanism is still unknown. We studied the effects of hypoxia, preceded with preconditioning, on the iron homeostasis of glial cells, known as a major actor in the inflammatory process during perinatal brain injury.Materials and methods: Primary microglia and astrocytes in culture were exposed to 12 h of hypoxia with or without mild hypothermic preconditioning. The mRNA expression was assessed using qPCR. Iron accumulation was visualized via modified Perl's histochemistry. Cytokine levels in cell cultures were measured using ELISA.Results: Hypothermic preconditioning enhanced microglial viability, which previously was decreased in both cell types due to hypoxia. Hypoxia increased iron accumulation in the mixed glial cells and in ferritin expression in both microglia and astrocytes. Hypotermic preconditioning decreased the elevated ferritin-light chain expression significantly in microglia. Iron importer proteins, DMT1 and TfR1, both increased their mRNA expression after hypoxia, and hypothermic preconditioning continued to support the elevation of DMT1 in both glial cell types. Ferroportin expression increased as a survival factor of the glial cell following hypoxia. Hypothermic preconditioning supported this increase in both cell types and was especially significant in astrocytes. IL-10 levels were prominently increased in cell culture after hypothermic preconditioning. Conclusion:The data suggest that hypothermic preconditioning affects cellular iron homeostasis by regulating the storage and transfer proteins of iron. Regulation of the cellular iron traffic may prevent glial cells from experiencing the detrimental effects of hypoxia-related inflammation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron homeostasis is altered in response to hypoxia and hypothermic preconditioning in brain glial cells

Aral¹,

Ergün²,

Engin³

et al. 2020

Turk J Med Sci

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“…Continuous adipose tissue accumulation with macrophages maintains a chronic low inflammatory state, and pro-inflammatory factors such as interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 are continuously secreted [ 33 39 ]. In particular, interleukin-6 has a harmful effect on the hippocampus, impairing learning, cognition and memory function and leading to dementia [ 1 37 ]. Obesity-related chronic inflammation also contributes to neuropsychiatric symptoms involving depression [ 25 28 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-adipogenic effect ofArtemisia annuain diet-induced-obesity mice model

et al. 2015

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Obesity has increased continuously in western countries during the last several decades and recently become a problem in developing countries. Currently, anti-obesity drugs originating from natural products are being investigated for their potential to overcome adverse effects associated with chemical drugs. Artemisinic acid, which was isolated from the well-known anti-malaria herb Artemisia annua (AA) L., was recently shown to possess anti-adipogenic effects in vitro. However, the anti-adipogenic effects of AA in animal models have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we conducted daily oral administration with AA water extract in a diet-induced obesity animal model and treated 3T3-L1 cells with AA to confirm the anti-adipogenic effects in the related protein expressions. We then evaluated the physiology, adipose tissue histology and mRNA expressions of many related genes. Inhibition of adipogenesis by the AA water extract was observed in vitro. In the animal model, weight gain was significantly lower in the AA treated group, but there were no changes in food intake volume or calories. Reductions in lipid droplet size and mRNA expression associated with adipogenesis were also observed in animal epididymal fat. This study is the first to report that AA has an anti-obese effects in vivo.

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“…Extreme exercise has been shown to lead to an increase in plasma S100B, a proposed marker of blood-brain barrier disruption and brain damage(33). Exercise to exhaustion has resulted in increased brain IL-6 levels in rats, but long-term training protects from an increase in hippocampal IL-6(34). Acute bouts of cardiovascular exercise can momentarily alter executive control and increase performance instability in lower fit individuals, while this was reduced in higher fit individuals(35).…”

Section: Adverse Effects Of Extreme Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myokines play roles in maintaining biological homeostasis, including energy metabolism, angiogenesis, and myogenesis(77, 78). Interleukin (IL)-6, among other myokines, is dependent upon contraction and plasma levels increase during exercise; this indicates that it may serve as an exercise factor, providing a potential mechanism for the association between sedentary behavior and many chronic diseases(8, 34, 78–89). Although IL-6 is often thought of as pro-inflammatory, some evidence indicates that it can have anti-inflammatory effects as well.…”

Section: Potential Mechanisms Of Improved Cognition With Exercisementioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Cognitive Protection: A Literature Review

Norman

Rutkowsky

Bodine

et al. 2018

CPD

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Dementia has become a major health concern for the aging population of the United States. Studies indicate that participation in moderate exercise, with training, has been shown to have a beneficial impact on cognition. Thus, exercise and its effects on cognitive function has become an important area of research. This review summarizes the current literature on the potential mechanisms of the benefits of exercise for cognitive function.

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Comparison of hippocampal interleukin-6 immunoreactivity after exhaustive exercise in both exercise-trained and untrained rats

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Iron homeostasis is altered in response to hypoxia and hypothermic preconditioning in brain glial cells

Iron homeostasis is altered in response to hypoxia and hypothermic preconditioning in brain glial cells

Anti-adipogenic effect ofArtemisia annuain diet-induced-obesity mice model

The Potential Mechanisms of Exercise-induced Cognitive Protection: A Literature Review

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