Comparison of highly conductive natural and synthetic graphites for electrodes in perovskite solar cells

Bogachuk, Dmitry; Tsuji, Ryuki; Martineau, David; Narbey, Stéphanie; Herterich, Jan; Wagner, Lukas; Suginuma, Kumiko; Ito, Seigo; Hinsch, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.022

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As the bandgap of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 ‐based perovskite utilized in this study is approximately 1.6 eV [ 48 ] and V br < 4 V, the junction breakdown probably occurs first via tunneling, followed by the thermal runaway. It was previously observed that in PSCs thermal runaway causes localized heating of the metal back‐contact, causing electrode melting (e.g., silver).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to our 4‐point probe measurements, the sheet resistance of the carbon‐based electrode and FTO is around 18 ± 2 and 8.5 ± 1.5 Ω sq −1 , respectively, demonstrating that there are more resistive losses in the back‐contact rather than in the front‐electrode. [ 48 ] This suggests that the current path with the least resistance (marked with green color in Figure 5b) contains minimal distance through the back‐electrode (carbon) and maximal distance through the front‐electrode (FTO). Clearly, such path goes through regions close to the laser line, which is why the DLIT signal increases at this location first (as seen from Video S1, Supporting Information).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices with Carbon‐Based Electrodes Withstanding Reverse‐Bias Voltages up to –9 V and Surpassing IEC 61215:2016 International Standard

et al. 2021

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One of the key challenges of perovskite photovoltaics (PV) is the long‐term stability. Although efforts are made to improve the lifetime of perovskite PV devices, their degradation under reverse‐bias conditions is barely addressed. Herein, perovskite solar cells with carbon‐based electrodes are presented which demonstrate superior resilience against reverse‐bias‐induced degradation. Although their breakdown voltage is identified to be at approximately −3.6 V, cells do not degrade until the applied reverse‐bias exceeds −9 V. Two main degradation mechanisms are identified: 1) iodine loss due to hole tunneling into perovskite, which takes place even at low reverse‐bias but decomposes the perovskite only after long time durations; and 2) rapid heating at large reverse‐bias leading to formation of PbI2, which starts at shunts and then follows the path of the least resistance for the cell current, which is primarily influenced by the electrode sheet resistances. Finally, perovskite solar modules with carbon‐based electrodes are demonstrated, which are subjected to a “hotspot” test described in the IEC 61215:2016 international standard at an accredited module testing laboratory. Passing this accelerated test for the first time confirms the superior stability of perovskite PV devices with carbon‐based electrodes and highlights their large industrialization potential.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices with Carbon‐Based Electrodes Withstanding Reverse‐Bias Voltages up to –9 V and Surpassing IEC 61215:2016 International Standard

et al. 2021

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“…For LTCN paste, 2 gm CNP, 0.25 gm graphite and 15 ml chlorobenzene was ball milled for 8 h. The collected paste was utilized for the blade-coating technique. The use of a small amount of graphite is highly suitable for better contact of the electrode with the perovskite layer 51 , 52 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cotton soot derived carbon nanoparticles for NiO supported processing temperature tuned ambient perovskite solar cells

Bhandari

Roy

Ali

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The emergence of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in a "catfish effect" of other conventional photovoltaic technologies with the massive growth of high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) has given a new direction to the entire solar energy field. Replacing traditional metal-based electrodes with carbon-based materials is one of the front-runners among many other investigations in this field due to its cost-effective processability and high stability. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (c-PSCs) have shown great potential for the development of large scale photovoltaics. First of its kind, here we introduce a facile and cost-effective large scale carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) synthesis from mustard oil assisted cotton combustion for utilization in the mesoporous carbon-based perovskite solar cell (PSC). Also, we instigate two different directions of utilizing the carbon nanoparticles for a composite high temperature processed electrode (HTCN) and a low temperature processed electrode (LTCN) with detailed performance comparison. NiO/CNP composite thin film was used in high temperature processed electrodes, and for low temperature processed electrodes, separate NiO and CNP layers were deposited. The HTCN devices with the cell structure FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2/high-temperature NiO-CNP composite paste/infiltrated MAPI (CH3NH3PbI3) achieved a maximum PCE of 13.2%. In addition, high temperature based carbon devices had remarkable stability of ~ 1000 h (ambient condition), retaining almost 90% of their initial efficiency. In contrast, LTCN devices with configuration FTO/c-TiO2/m-TiO2/m-ZrO2/NiO/MAPI/low-temperature CNP had a PCE limit of 14.2%, maintaining ~ 72% of the initial PCE after 1000 h. Nevertheless, we believe this promising approach and the comparative study between the two different techniques would be highly suitable and adequate for the upcoming cutting-edge experimentations of PSC.

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“…Combining measurement results from the series resistance losses in both cell structures (Note S6, Supporting Information), it becomes clear that the FF in H-CPSCs is limited by the non-radiative losses, induced by numerous grain-boundaries, whereas the FF of L-CPSC strongly suffers from the interfacial resistance at the perovskite/carbon contact (Figure 6a). The losses in the electrodes can be reduced further by selecting a more conductive TCO front contact and the conductivity of the carbon-based contact can be improved by altering the graphite crystal type, [71] surface functionalization, and dopants. [14] Other ohmic FF losses, except for the electrodes are negligible, while additional FF losses, could possibly be alleviated by improving perovskite/TiO 2 contact and reducing its interfacial resistance.…”

Section: Outlining Promising Strategies To Improve the Pce Of Cpscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon‐Based Electrodes – Quantification of Losses and Strategies to Overcome Them

Bogachuk

Yang

Suo

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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Carbon‐based electrodes represent a promising approach to improve stability and up‐scalability of perovskite photovoltaics. The temperature at which these contacts are processed defines the absorber grain size of the perovskite solar cell: in cells with low‐temperature carbon‐based electrodes (L‐CPSCs), layer‐by‐layer deposition is possible, allowing perovskite crystals to be large (>100 nm), while in cells with high‐temperature carbon‐based contacts (H‐CPSCs), crystals are constrained to 10–20 nm in size. To enhance the power conversion efficiency of these devices, the main loss mechanisms are identified for both systems. Measurements of charge carrier lifetime, quasi‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and light‐intensity‐dependent behavior, supported by numerical simulations, clearly demonstrate that H‐CPSCs strongly suffer from non‐radiative losses in the perovskite absorber, primarily due to numerous grain boundaries. In contrast, large crystals of L‐CPSCs provide a long carrier lifetime (1.8 µs) and exceptionally high QFLS of 1.21 eV for an absorber bandgap of 1.6 eV. These favorable characteristics explain the remarkable open‐circuit voltage of over 1.1 V in hole‐selective layer‐free L‐CPSCs. However, the low photon absorption and poor charge transport in these cells limit their potential. Finally, effective strategies are provided to reduce non‐radiative losses in H‐CPSCs, transport losses in L‐CPSCs, and to improve photon management in both cell types.

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Comparison of highly conductive natural and synthetic graphites for electrodes in perovskite solar cells

Cited by 39 publications

References 37 publications

Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices with Carbon‐Based Electrodes Withstanding Reverse‐Bias Voltages up to –9 V and Surpassing IEC 61215:2016 International Standard

Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices with Carbon‐Based Electrodes Withstanding Reverse‐Bias Voltages up to –9 V and Surpassing IEC 61215:2016 International Standard

Cotton soot derived carbon nanoparticles for NiO supported processing temperature tuned ambient perovskite solar cells

Perovskite Solar Cells with Carbon‐Based Electrodes – Quantification of Losses and Strategies to Overcome Them

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