Comparison of heavy metal levels and health risk assessment of different bread types marketed in Turkey

Chemical Contamination in Bread from Food Processing and Its Environmental Origin

“…The TM (Cd, Hg, and Pb) concentrations in foods for which guidance levels were set up were below BMDL10 and TWI. In Başaran’s [ 156 ] study, the level of Cd was similar to Zioła-Frankowska et al [ 157 ] at 3.3–49.5 µg/kg and 12.7–53.8, respectively. However, surprisingly low Cd concentrations were found by Ashot et al [ 161 ].…”

“…has elevated levels of AA in comparison to wheat ones [ 23 , 39 , 156 ]. Başaran et al [ 156 ] research has shown that HMF (furan derivative) levels in tested food matrices have had skyrocketed values, much higher than the BMDLs for neoplastic effects induced by furan, while Ramírez-Jiménez et al [ 212 ] assessed HMF levels in bakery products ranging from 9.5 to 151.2 mg/kg, exceeding even higher values than those observed by Başaran et al [ 156 ] (87 mg/kg). However, in the study by Gülcan et al [ 213 ], the HMF concentration in the bread sample was equal to 17 mg/kg.…”

“…Elevated values for TM contamination were observed for wheat-based bread (Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Pb), while for other types of bread, especially rye bread, the levels of Al and Hg were higher. In general, higher concentrations of TMs were found in non-wheat bread [ 156 ]. The TM (Cd, Hg, and Pb) concentrations in foods for which guidance levels were set up were below BMDL10 and TWI.…”

“…Regarding the TM sources, the natural sources of TMs include the weathering of metal-containing rocks and volcanic eruptions, while anthropogenic sources capture industrial emissions, mining, smelting, the exploitation of machines used in production and packaging steps, and agricultural activities such as the application of pesticides and phosphate fertilizers ( Figure 5 ) [ 156 ]. Vehicle pollution is responsible for the release of TMs, e.g., Cd.…”

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

“…In the mixing and kneading stage, preparing bread dough and shaping due to contact with surfaces contaminated with heavy metals, in the baking stage due to air pollution and fuel consumption, and in the packaging and consumption stage by individuals in order to the heavy metals present in materials used for packaging and environmental pollution occur [ 64 , 65 ]. Removal of PTEs sources in the step of production and old equipment replacement can reduce the lead concentration [ 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 ]. In general, the location of bakeries inside the city and near the industrial and densely populated areas of the city are very important for pollution problems [ 45 , 48 , 53 ].…”