Abstract:BackgroundThe critically ill or injured patient undergoing military medical evacuation may require emergent intubation. Intubation may be life-saving, but it carries risks. The novice or infrequent laryngoscopist has a distinct disadvantage because experience is critical for the rapid and safe establishment of a secured airway. This challenge is compounded by the austere environment of the back of an aircraft under blackout conditions. This study determined which of five different video-assisted intubation dev… Show more
“…Both novice and experienced users have adeptly used several video laryngoscope models in the austere setting. 33 Some preliminary studies have introduced advanced technologies (e.g., Google Glass, GoPro) to help guide the novice proceduralist in endotracheal intubation. 34 Nonetheless, the anatomically challenging airway may manifest as a "Can't intubate, can't oxygenate" scenario, described as the inability to secure an ETT and failure to maintain oxygenation via a bag-valve mask (BVM) or supraglottic device.…”
Critically ill patients can present at any time and location, and they demand high quality care. Historical experiences from military, wilderness, and disaster medicine settings have helped shape the modern concept of caring for the most severely ill with limited available resources. We introduce a method to help design a successful critical care medical support endeavor, which includes properly defining components of Navigation, Environment, Resupply, Energy, Unconventional problems, and Support (NEREUS). Additionally, we provide recommendations for optimal team personnel composition, including utilization of paramedics, critical care providers, nurses, and respiratory therapists across the spectrum of care provided at point of injury, en route to definitive care, and definitive care. A review of critical care principles relevant to the austere setting proceeds with a systematic organization according to airway, breathing, circulation, and neurologic management. Lastly, we employ our proposed method of organizing a critical care medical support endeavor to a post-hurricane scenario. In summary, this review provides the historical background, modern definition, and practical framework for successfully administering critical care in scenarios with limited available resources. We emphasize the need to appropriately adapt critical care concepts to meet the unique demands of a specific scenario.
“…Both novice and experienced users have adeptly used several video laryngoscope models in the austere setting. 33 Some preliminary studies have introduced advanced technologies (e.g., Google Glass, GoPro) to help guide the novice proceduralist in endotracheal intubation. 34 Nonetheless, the anatomically challenging airway may manifest as a "Can't intubate, can't oxygenate" scenario, described as the inability to secure an ETT and failure to maintain oxygenation via a bag-valve mask (BVM) or supraglottic device.…”
Critically ill patients can present at any time and location, and they demand high quality care. Historical experiences from military, wilderness, and disaster medicine settings have helped shape the modern concept of caring for the most severely ill with limited available resources. We introduce a method to help design a successful critical care medical support endeavor, which includes properly defining components of Navigation, Environment, Resupply, Energy, Unconventional problems, and Support (NEREUS). Additionally, we provide recommendations for optimal team personnel composition, including utilization of paramedics, critical care providers, nurses, and respiratory therapists across the spectrum of care provided at point of injury, en route to definitive care, and definitive care. A review of critical care principles relevant to the austere setting proceeds with a systematic organization according to airway, breathing, circulation, and neurologic management. Lastly, we employ our proposed method of organizing a critical care medical support endeavor to a post-hurricane scenario. In summary, this review provides the historical background, modern definition, and practical framework for successfully administering critical care in scenarios with limited available resources. We emphasize the need to appropriately adapt critical care concepts to meet the unique demands of a specific scenario.
“…There are many methods that can be used to predict the health states of an aero-engine gas path system, such as the Kalman filter method [5,6], grey theory [7][8][9], neural network method [10,11], support vector machine [12,13], analytic hierarchy process [14,15], hidden Markov model [16,17], and expert knowledge [18][19][20]. A two-way kernel extreme learning machine was proposed to predict the health states of aero-engine gas path system by one parameter [21].…”
The gas path system is an important part of an aero-engine, whose health states can affect the security of the airplane. During the process of aircraft operation, the gas path system will have different working conditions over time, owing to the change of control parameters. However, the different working conditions which change the symmetry of the system will affect parameters of the health state prediction model for the gas path system. The symmetry of the system will also change. Therefore, it is important to consider the influence of variable working conditions when predicting the health states of gas path system. The accuracy of the health state prediction results of the gas path system will be low if the same evaluation standard is used for different working conditions. In addition, the monitoring data of the gas path system’s health state feature quantity is huge while the fault data which can reflect the health states of the gas path system are poor. Thus, it is difficult to establish a health state prediction model only by using the monitoring data of the gas path system. In order to avoid problems, this paper proposes a health state prediction model considering multiple working conditions based on time domain analysis and a belief rule base. First, working condition is divided by using time domain characteristics. Then, a belief rule base (BRB) theory-based health state prediction model is built, which can fuse expert knowledge and fault monitoring data to improve modeling accuracy. The reference value of the feature is given by the fuzzy C-means algorithm in a model. To decrease the uncertainty of expert knowledge, the covariance matrix adaptive evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is used as the optimization algorithm. Finally, a NASA public dataset without labels is used to verify the proposed health state model. The results show that the proposed health prediction model of a gas path system can accurately realize health state prediction under multiple working conditions.
“…To overcome the factors complicating ETI procedures, noninvasive intubation methods and devices are available, such as intubating laryngeal mask airways, video-assisted intubation, fiberoptic intubation, and laryngoscope-based lighted stylets [2, 9–11]. The use of invasive methods, such as retrograde ETI and surgical airway management, can lead to increased costs, loss of time, and various catastrophic complications that require management [12, 13].…”
Background The present study evaluates the success and efficacy of endotracheal intubation (ETI) using a modified intubation stylet and a magnet system to direct the stylet into the trachea. The system was developed by the researchers in an attempt to increase the success and efficacy of ETI. Methods ETI procedures were performed on an airway management manikin by emergency medical technicians with at least four years of experience in ETI. The technicians used a stylet modified with an iron ball affixed to the tip and a neodymium magnet, designed specifically for the study. The intention was to guide the endotracheal tube into the trachea at the level of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages on the manikin with the aid of the modified stylet and the magnetic force of the neodymium magnet. The success rate, completion time, and degree of difficulty of two procedures were compared: magnetic endotracheal intubation (METI) and classic ETI (CETI). Results The success rate was 100% in both groups. The mean completion times for the METI and CETI procedures were 18.31 ± 2.46 s and 20.01 ± 1.95 s, respectively. There were significant differences in completion time and degree of difficulty between the METI and CETI procedures (both p=0.001). Conclusions We found the use of a neodymium magnet and modified stylet to be an effective method to guide the endotracheal tube into the trachea. The present study may provide a basis for future studies.
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