Comparison of Escape Behavior Between Solitary and Grouped Liolaemus leopardinus Lizards from the Central Chilean Andes

Santoyo-Brito, Enrique; Núñez, Herman; Cooper, William E.; Fox, Stanley F.

doi:10.1655/herpetologica-d-19-00057.1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…e ., predator suddenly turning toward the prey or maintaining a purposeful gaze; Cooper, 2003; Bateman & Fleming, 2011; Sreekar & Quader, 2013). FID has also been shown to vary with the time of day (Patelle et al, 2013; Piratelli et al, 2015; Ferguson et al, 2019), can be reduced when prey have low‐energy reserves (Beale & Monaghan, 2004b; Piratelli et al, 2015), are in a large group (dilution effect; Burger & Gochfeld, 1991; Santoyo‐Brito et al, 2020; Ydenberg & Dill, 1986), or are in close proximity to refuge (Cooper & Whiting, 2007). AD has not been explored to the same extent as FID, but evidence suggests that vigilance behavior is also modified by time of day (Edwards et al, 2013), weather conditions (Couchoux & Cresswell, 2012), conspecific interactions (Hess et al, 2016), individual sex and reproductive status (Burger & Gochfeld, 1994), and group size (Boujja‐Miljour et al, 2018; Carter et al, 2009; Díaz & Asensio, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

et al. 2022

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Alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) are popular measures used to explore the reaction of prey to approaching predators, and thus the economics underlying optimal escape strategies. AD likely mirrors the effort invested into vigilance, while FID provides an estimate of the perceived risk of an approaching threat. Although individual variation in AD and FID is influenced by environmental factors such as variation in predation pressure and human disturbance, the repeatabilities of these traits (especially AD), and therefore their designation as personality traits, remain under‐investigated. Here, we studied the repeatability of AD, FID, and the decision to flee in a flightless, ground‐breeding seabird, the king penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus). A single experimenter approached three times over three consecutive days 47 incubating king penguins from two different colonies with varying human disturbance levels. We explored the effects of weather, time of day, and approach speed of the experimenter on these behaviors. Weather had an effect on all three behaviors. In warm, sunny weather AD increased. In rainy, windy weather birds were more likely to flee, but waited longer before initiating flight. Faster approach speeds between AD and FID increased FID. Weather conditions and speed of approach affected repeatability estimates, highlighting the need to consider external sources of variation when refining such estimates. FID and the decision to flee were significantly and moderately repeatable (r = 0.26 and 0.57, respectively), while AD was not. There was no evidence of behavioral habituation or sensitization in either colony.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

et al. 2022

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Personality differences between sexes are present in a peaceful lizard, but not in an aggressive one: a chemical communication trial in two Liolaemus species

2023

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Animal personality can be defined as behavioral individual consistency across contexts and time, and sociability may facilitate it. Boldness and exploration can be considered as social conflictive behaviors and in lizards, social scent can either diminish or promote social conflicts. We studied boldness and exploration in Liolaemus albiceps Lobo and Laurent, 1995 and L. coeruleus Cei and Ortiz, 1983, and tested whether L. albiceps, a fewer aggressive species, presents higher individual consistency in a socially not conflictive behavior, such as escape (boldness). We also expect L. coeruleus, a more aggressive species, to present higher individual consistency in exploration, which is socially more conflictive behavior. We exposed lizards their own, conspecifics and control scent treatments. We calculated the repeatability for boldness and exploration, analyzed their correlation, and tested for behavioral plasticity. Boldness and exploration were repeatable in L. albiceps at species level, with females showing highly repeatable boldness, and males, highly repeatable exploration. L. coeruleus evidenced no significant repeatability for either behavior. There was no correlation between these two behaviors, and both species showed plasticity. L. albiceps individuals were bolder and explored less under conspecific scents. L. coeruleus individuals explored less in presence of their own scents than novelty scents, and presented inter-individual variation in plasticity. A peaceful lifestyle may favor behavioral consistency within individuals, whereas a more aggressive lifestyle may constrain within and among individual consistency in a chemical communication context. However, individual differences in plasticity could counterbalance this constraint

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Maternal care and secretive behaviour of neonates in the highly social lizard Liolaemus leopardinus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from the central Chilean Andes may relate to size-specific bird predation

Santoyo-Brito

Perea-Fox

Núñez³

et al. 2021

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Predation prompts the evolution of antipredator traits, molds behaviour, and can lead to the evolution of parental care. We investigated parental care and predator-avoidance behaviour of neonates in the social lizard Liolaemus leopardinus. We used clay models to quantify bird predation pressure on L. leopardinus. Predation was significantly greater on small models and models in open habitat. Late-term pregnant females left their social groups on rock outcrops and gave birth in solitary underneath flat rocks in vegetated microhabitat. Mothers stayed with their litters inside natal chambers for at least 24 h and when they left, sealed the neonates inside. Mothers remained close to their natal chamber and neonates when neonates emerged. Neonates and young yearlings moved significantly less and occupied vegetated microhabitat significantly more than older age classes. We suggest that the maternal behaviour and secretive behaviour of neonates may be related to the heavy avian predation on neonates.

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Comparison of Escape Behavior Between Solitary and Grouped Liolaemus leopardinus Lizards from the Central Chilean Andes

Cited by 4 publications

References 27 publications

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

Repeatability of alert and flight initiation distances in king penguins: Effects of colony, approach speed, and weather

Personality differences between sexes are present in a peaceful lizard, but not in an aggressive one: a chemical communication trial in two Liolaemus species

Maternal care and secretive behaviour of neonates in the highly social lizard Liolaemus leopardinus (Squamata: Liolaemidae) from the central Chilean Andes may relate to size-specific bird predation

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