Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that
can act as a cross-linking enzyme, GTPase/ATPase, protein kinase,
and protein disulfide isomerase. TG2 is involved in cell adhesion,
migration, invasion, and growth, as well as epithelial–mesenchymal
transition (EMT). Our previous findings indicate that the increased
expression of TG2 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) results in tumor metastasis
with a significant decrease in disease- and cancer-specific survival
outcome. Given the importance of the prometastatic activity of TG2
in RCC, in the present study, we aim to investigate the relative contribution
of TG2’s transamidase and guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding/GTPase
activity in the cell migration, invasion, EMT, and cancer stemness
of RCC. For this purpose, the mouse RCC cell line RenCa was transduced
with wild-type-TG2 (wt-TG2), GTP-binding deficient-form TG2-R580A,
transamidase-deficient form with low GTP-binding affinity TG2-C277S,
and transamidase-inactive form TG2-W241A. Our results suggested that
predominantly, GTP-binding activity of TG2 is responsible for cell
migration and invasion. In addition, CD marker analysis and spheroid
assay confirmed that GTP binding/GTPase activity of TG2 is important
in the maintenance of mesenchymal character and the cancer stem cell
profile. These findings support a prometastatic role for TG2 in RCC
that is dependent on the GTP binding/GTPase activity of the enzyme.