Comparison of electron and chemical ionization modes by validation of a quantitative gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay of new generation antidepressants and their active metabolites in plasma

Wille, Sarah M. R.; hee, Paul Van; Neels, Hugo; Peteghem, Carlos H. Van; Lambert, Willy E.

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.096

Cited by 82 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with electron ionization (EI) is the preferred technique for drug analysis in forensic toxicology because of the possibility of compound identification through commercially available libraries. However, due to the extensive fragmentation of some ADs using EI, the positive ion chemical ionization mode (PICI) could provide more selectivity, especially in complex matrices such as brain tissue [22][23][24]. Most methods determining ADs in brain tissue or blood use liquid-liquid extraction for sample preparation due to clogging of sorbents during solid phase extraction (SPE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trazodone and its metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-cpp) were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method due to chromatographic problems and irreproducible quantification results for trazodone using GC-MS analysis [22]. In addition, the implementation of the analytical techniques is discussed in postmortem forensic cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of antidepressants in human postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

et al. 2008

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A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method in positive ion chemical ionization mode in combination with a solid phase extraction was optimized for new-generation antidepressants and their metabolites in postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair. Twelve antidepressants and their active metabolites (i.e., mirtazapine, viloxazine, venlafaxine, citalopram, mianserin, reboxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, maprotiline, melitracen, paroxetine, desmethylfluoxetine, desmethylmianserin, desmethylmirtazapine, desmethylsertraline, desmethylmaprotiline, desmethylcitalopram, and didesmethylcitalopram) could be quantified. In this article, in addition to the validation of the GC-MS method, four postmortem cases are discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of the described method in forensic toxicology. In these cases, sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, and trazodone in combination with their active metabolites were quantified. Blood concentrations ranged from subtherapeutic to toxic concentrations, while brain to plasma ratios ranged from 0.8 to 17. Hair concentrations ranged from 0.4 to 2.5 ng/mg depending on the compound and hair segment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of antidepressants in human postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

et al. 2008

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“…Fluoxetine was determined in the presence of its metabolites and other drugs in biological samples [3][4][5][6] and in pharmaceutical preparations [7][8][9] by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection. Liquid chromatography with MS detection [10][11][12][13][14], gas chromatography (GC)-MS [15][16][17][18], and capillary electrophoresis [19] were mainly used for the determination of fluoxetine in biological samples. Fluoxetine was also determined in pharmaceutical preparations [7,[20][21][22][23] and in biological material [24] by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of fluoxetine in the presence of photodegradation products appearing during UVA irradiation in a solid phase by chromatographic-densitometric method, kinetics and identification of photoproducts

Maślanka¹,

Hubicka²,

Krzek³

et al. 2013

Acta Chromatographica

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Summary. An effect of ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation on fluoxetine stability in solid phase with and without the presence of selected metal ions was studied using the chromatographic-densitometric method. Silica gel TLC F 254 plates were used as the stationary phase and chloroform-methanol-ammonia 25% ( The liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) method was applied for the identification of decomposition products noting the presence of 3-phenyl-3-hydroxypropylamine and 4-trifluoromethylphenol.

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“…However, the new generation antidepressants are the most prescribed antidepressant drugs nowadays. The new generation antidepressants include the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, paroxetine and citalopram), the Selective Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) (reboxetine and viloxazine), the Serotonin and Noradrenalin Reuptake Inhibitors (venlafaxine), the Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic antidepressants (mirtazapine and mianserin) and the Serotonin-2 antagonists and Reuptake Inhibitors such as trazadone (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GC-MS analysis of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine in human urine

Açıkkol¹

2010

mpj

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A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed for detection of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine in urine. Liquid and solid phase extraction were applied to urine samples using maprotiline as an internal standard (IS). The GC-MS analysis were carried out using HP-5MS capillary column. The linearity ranges of the method were 5-75 ng mL -1 for fluoxetine and 6-125 ng mL -1 for norfluoxetine by solid phase extraction (SPE), and 10-80 ng mL -1 for fluoxetine and also norfluoxetine by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Also the range of detection limits were between 1-10 ng mL -1 , the range of quantification limits were between 5-10 ng mL -1 for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine by both SPE and LLE. The range of recoveries were between 87 -109 % by both SPE and LLE for analytes. The developed method allowed clinical and toxicological analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in urine samples.KEY WORDS: Fluoxetine; Norfluoxetine; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; LiquidLiquid Extraction; Solid-Phase Extraction.Münevver Aç kkol 1 , Dilek Salk m 1 GC-MS analysis of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine in human urine DOI: 10.12991/201014456 99 Açıkkol ve Salkım et al. Marmara Pharm J 14: 98-103, 2010. plicity, sensitivity, reproducide nature and low cost. There were only a few published methods about the simultaneous GC-MS analysis of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in urine.Therefore, the presented study was designed for a GC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in urine using maprotiline as an internal standard (IS) with a simple LLE and SPE procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals and reagentsFluoxetine hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany) and kindly supplied by Abdi Ibrahim Pharma A.G (Istanbul, Turkey). Norfluoxetine hydrochloride was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Maprotiline hydrochloride (IS) was kindly supplied by Novartis Pharma A.G (Istanbul, Turkey).Ammonia solution (25%), hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, acetic anhydride, pyridine, methanol and isopropanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Purity of all solvents are HPLC grade. Urine samplesUrine samples were collected from healthy volunteers whereas clinical samples from patients (14 females and 6 males; Aged 18-64) submitted fluoxetine treatment at Istanbul University Medicine Faculty of Cerrahpasa Department of Psychiatry. Samples were collected approximately 12 hours after the administration of the daily dose of 20 mg of fluoxetine from patients treated constantly for at least 2 weeks. The urine samples stored in appropriate polytetrafluoro ethylene (PTPE) flasks at -20ºC until analyzed and were found to be stable for at least 1 month. The patients gave their informed consent for these analyses. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Faculty of Cerrahpasa Medicine in Istanbul University. Preparation stock and calibration standardsStock solutions of fluoxet...

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Comparison of electron and chemical ionization modes by validation of a quantitative gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric assay of new generation antidepressants and their active metabolites in plasma

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

Determination of antidepressants in human postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Determination of antidepressants in human postmortem blood, brain tissue, and hair using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Determination of fluoxetine in the presence of photodegradation products appearing during UVA irradiation in a solid phase by chromatographic-densitometric method, kinetics and identification of photoproducts

GC-MS analysis of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine in human urine

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