Comparison of Cytokine<scp>mRNA</scp>Expression in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Horses with Inflammatory Airway Disease and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Mastocytosis or Neutrophilia Using<scp>REST</scp>Software Analysis

Beekman, Laura; Tohver, T.; Léguillette, Renaud

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00847.x

Cited by 64 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Similar results have been found for IAD [51, 52] and human asthma and COPD [53, 54]. In our study, the highest concentrations were found in CIP, where IL-1ß is known to stimulate the fibronectin and collagen synthesis.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Procalcitonin as a biomarker in equine chronic pneumopathies

et al. 2016

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BackgroundProcalcitonin (PCT), a precursor protein of the hormone calcitonin, is a sensitive inflammatory marker in human medicine, which is primarily used for diagnosis of bacterial sepsis, but is also useful in diagnosis of exacerbation of asthma and COPD. In this study, PCT was evaluated as a potential biomarker for different chronic pneumopathies in the horse using an equine specific ELISA in comparison to established clinical markers and different interleukins.Sixty-four horses were classified as free of respiratory disease, recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), inflammatory airway disease (IAD) or chronic interstitial pneumopathy (CIP) using a scoring system. PCT concentrations were measured in plasma (n = 17) and in the cell-free supernatant of bronchoalveolar lavage (n = 64). PCT concentrations were correlated to interleukins IL-1ß and IL-6 in BALF, clinical findings and BALF cytology.ResultsThe median PCT concentrations in plasma were increased in respiratory disease (174.46 ng/ml, n = 7) compared to controls (13.94 ng/ml, n = 10, P = 0.05) and correlated to PCT in BALF supernatant (rs = 0.48). Compared to controls (5.49 ng/ml, n = 15), median PCT concentrations in BALF supernatant correlated to the overall clinical score (rs = 0.32, P = 0.007) and were significantly increased in RAO (13.40 ng/ml, n = 21) and IAD (16.89 ng/ml, n = 16), while no differences were found for CIP (12.02 ng/ml, n = 12). No significant increases were found for IL-1 and IL-6 between controls and respiratory disease in general as well as different disease groups.ConclusionsAlthough some correlations were found between PCT in plasma, BALF supernatant and clinical scores, PCT in BALF does not seem to be a superior marker compared to established clinical markers. PCT in plasma seems to be more promising and a greater number of samples should be evaluated in further studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Former studies have led to contrasting results. While some authors found no significant increases in IL-6 were found in RAO exacerbation [50, 55, 56], others describe increases about three days after natural challenge [48, 52]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Procalcitonin as a biomarker in equine chronic pneumopathies

et al. 2016

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“…Furthermore, mRNA expression of IL‐17 and IL‐23 have been also linked with increases in BALF neutrophil percentage,54, 59 and increases in IL‐4 and IL‐5 with the mastocytic form of IAD,27, 54 which would support an implication of the adaptive immune response, including Th‐2 type polarization, in some IAD phenotypes.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The presence of high eosinophil or mast cell counts, and of Th‐2 cytokines such as IL‐4 and IL‐5, in BALF of some horses with IAD suggest a role for aeroallergens in this syndrome 27, 54. Indeed, exposure to airborne particles has been linked to BALF eosinophilia49 and tracheal mucus51 in young racehorses in training.…”

Section: Pathogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses—Revised Consensus Statement

Couëtil

Cardwell

Gerber

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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338

662

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“…However, in young horses, numbers of mast cells and eosinophils in BALF are often increased, suggesting hypersensitivity 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Different cytologic manifestations of equine asthma might reflect differing disease mechanisms with different implications for performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds

Ivester

Couëtil

Moore

2018

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundMild equine asthma is presumed to arise in response to environmental exposures but the relative impact of differing inflammatory phenotypes upon performance are largely unexplored. Hypotheses: Airway inflammation negatively affects performance and cytological phenotype varies with environmental exposure.AnimalsThoroughbred racehorses in active training and racing.MethodsThoroughbreds were recruited 24‐48 hours before racing. Each horse was eligible for re‐enrollment with each race entry. Within one hour of race completion, physical examination, respiratory endoscopy, and BAL were performed. Respirable and inhalable dust, respirable endotoxin, and respirable β‐glucan exposures were measured at the breathing zone within one week after racing. Controlling for age, trainer, and pulmonary hemorrhage, the relationship between performance, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and measures of exposure were modeled.ResultsPerformance and BALF data were collected on 64 individual horses from 8 stables for a total of 98 race performances and 79 dust exposure assessments. Evidence of mild equine asthma was found in 80% (78/98) of BALF samples from 52/64 horses. For each percent increase in BALF mast cell and neutrophil proportions, speed figures were reduced by 2.9 (P = .012) and 1.4 (P = .046) points, respectively. Respirable dust concentration was associated with BALF neutrophil proportions (P = .015). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid mast cell proportions were only associated with respirable β‐glucan exposures (P = .030). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild equine asthma is common in racing horses and negatively impacts performance. The data support that respirable, rather than inhalable, dust exposure measures are pertinent to equine airway health.

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Comparison of CytokinemRNAExpression in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Horses with Inflammatory Airway Disease and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Mastocytosis or Neutrophilia UsingRESTSoftware Analysis

Cited by 64 publications

References 39 publications

Procalcitonin as a biomarker in equine chronic pneumopathies

Procalcitonin as a biomarker in equine chronic pneumopathies

Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses—Revised Consensus Statement

An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds

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