“…The ANS circuits in diabetes are considered an integrative network centered on brainstem modified by and affecting diabetes-induced CVD ( Espinoza and Boychuk, 2020 ). Even short periods of provoked hyperglycemia stimulate sympathetic activity with attenuation of parasympathetic activity ( Majeed and Yar, 2020 ). At 60 years of age, the subjects of the PROOF study show a strong correlation between ANS dysregulation and their dysmetabolism.…”