Comparison of BO Regeneration Dynamics in PERC and Al-BSF Solar Cells

Herguth, Axel; Horbelt, Renate; Wilking, Svenja; Job, R.; Hahn, Giso

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.012

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This effect can typically be observed due to light‐induced degradation (LID) of crystalline‐silicon solar cells affected by the presence of boron‐oxygen complexes with high recombination activity, which reduces minority‐carrier lifetime 52,53 . However, due to the elevated operating temperatures applied in C‐AST (90°C) during the light soak stages, it is possible that the cells are in what is referred to as a regenerative or inactive state, which would limit any potential LID from occurring 54,55 …”

Section: Observed Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…52,53 However, due to the elevated operating temperatures applied in C-AST (90 C) during the light soak stages, it is possible that the cells are in what is referred to as a regenerative or inactive state, which would limit any potential LID from occurring. 54,55 An alternative scenario is that the test samples were affected by Cracking in PA1 was observed after 120-day cumulative exposure in the C-AST Phase 1 "Tropical" protocol. Cracking failure for the same PA1 BS was previously reported following the DuPont MAST after 1,000 h of damp heat and 542 h of UV exposure at 90 C, which cumulatively is 64 days.…”

Section: Light-induced Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advancing reliability assessments of photovoltaic modules and materials using combined‐accelerated stress testing

Owen‐Bellini

Hacke

Miller

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

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Previously undiscovered failure modes in photovoltaic (PV) modules continue to emerge in field installations despite passing protocols for design qualification and quality assurance. Failure to detect these modes prior to widespread use could be attributed to the limitations of present‐day standard accelerated stress tests (ASTs), which are primarily designed to identify known degradation or failure modes at the time of development by applying simultaneous or sequential stress factors (usually two at most). Here, we introduce an accelerated testing method known as the combined‐accelerated stress test (C‐AST), which simultaneously combines multiple stress factors of the natural environment. Simultaneous combination of multiple stress factors allows for improved identification of failure modes with better ability to detect modes not known a priori. A demonstration experiment was conducted that reproduced the field‐observed cracking of polyamide‐ (PA‐) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)–based backsheet films, a failure mode that was not detected by current design qualification and quality assurance testing requirements. In this work, a two‐phase testing protocol was implemented. The first cycle (“Tropical”) is a predominantly high‐humidity and high‐temperature test designed to replicate harsh tropical climates. The second cycle (“Multi‐season”) was designed to replicate drier and more temperate conditions found in continental or desert climates. Testing was conducted on 2 × 2‐cell crystalline‐silicon cell miniature modules constructed with both ultraviolet (UV)–transmitting and UV‐blocking encapsulants. Cracking failures were observed within a cumulative 120 days of the Tropical condition for one of the PA‐based backsheets and after 84 days of Tropical cycle followed by 42 days of the Multi‐season cycle for the PVDF‐based backsheet, which are both consistent with failures seen in fielded modules. In addition to backsheet cracking, degradation modes were observed including solder/interconnect fatigue, various light‐induced degradation modes, backsheet delamination, discoloration, corrosion, and cell cracking. The ability to simultaneously apply multiple stress factors may allow many of the test sequences within the standardized design qualification procedure to be performed using a single test setup.

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Section: Observed Failure Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Light-induced Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing reliability assessments of photovoltaic modules and materials using combined‐accelerated stress testing

Owen‐Bellini

Hacke

Miller

et al. 2020

Progress in Photovoltaics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Different from the structures of the lifetime samples, Cz-Si solar cells have multiple functional layers and interfaces, therefore, to what extent can the findings obtained on the lifetime samples be applied to Cz-Si solar cells remains unknown [8]; thus, it is necessary to directly study the LID and regeneration of B-doped Cz-Si solar cells especially the PERC solar cells. Herguth et al and Fertig et al [9,10] first reported the LID and regeneration of the PERC solar cells in 2015. However, their research results were based on the prototype PERC solar cells prepared in laboratory, which cannot represent those of real industrialized PERC solar cells [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Situ LID and Regeneration of PERC Solar Cells from Different Positions of a B-Doped Cz-Si Ingot

Yuan

Ding

et al. 2022

International Journal of Photoenergy

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In order to investigate the light-induced-degradation (LID) and regeneration of industrial PERC solar cells made from different positions of silicon wafers in a silicon ingot, five groups of silicon wafers were cut from a commercial solar-grade boron-doped Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) ingot from top to bottom with a certain distance and made into PERC solar cells by using the standard industrial process after measuring lifetimes of minority carriers and concentrations of boron, oxygen, carbon, and transition metal impurities. Then, the changes of their I - V characteristic parameters (efficiency η , open-circuit voltage V oc , short-circuit current I sc , and fill factor FF ) with time were in situ measured by using a solar cell I - V tester during the 1st LID (45°C, 1 sun, 12 h), regeneration (100°C, 1 sun, 24 h), and 2nd LID (45°C, 1 sun, 12 h). The results show that the LID and regeneration of the PERC solar cells are caused by the transition of B-O defects playing a dominant role together with the dissociation of Fe-B pairs playing a secondary role. The decay of η during the 1st LID is caused by the degradation of V oc , I sc , and FF , while the increase of η during the regeneration is mainly contributed by V oc and FF , and the decay of η during the 2nd LID is mainly induced by the degradation of I sc . After regeneration, the decay rate of η reduces from 4.43%–5.56% (relative) during the 1st LID to 0.33%–1.75% (relative) during the 2nd LID.

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“…The cross-section of a PERC solar cell is illustrated in Figure 4. The technical functionality of Al-BSF and PERC solar cells are detailed in Hargett et al [62].…”

Section: Technology Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis

2020

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With an increasing share of renewable energy technologies in our energy systems, the integration of not only direct emission (from the use phase), but also the total life cycle emissions (including emissions during resource extraction, production, etc.) becomes more important in order to draw meaningful conclusions from Energy Systems Analysis (ESA). While the benefit of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) into ESA is acknowledged, methodologically sound integration lacks resonance in practice, partly because the dimension of the implications is not yet fully understood. This study proposes an easy-to-implement procedure for the integration of LCA results in ESA based on existing theoretical approaches. The need for a methodologically sound integration, including the avoidance of double counting of emissions, is demonstrated on the use case of Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell photovoltaic technology. The difference in Global Warming Potential of 19% between direct and LCA based emissions shows the significance for the integration of the total emissions into energy systems analysis and the potential double counting of 75% of the life cycle emissions for the use case supports the need for avoidance of double counting.

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Comparison of BO Regeneration Dynamics in PERC and Al-BSF Solar Cells

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Advancing reliability assessments of photovoltaic modules and materials using combined‐accelerated stress testing

Advancing reliability assessments of photovoltaic modules and materials using combined‐accelerated stress testing

In Situ LID and Regeneration of PERC Solar Cells from Different Positions of a B-Doped Cz-Si Ingot

Adjustment of the Life Cycle Inventory in Life Cycle Assessment for the Flexible Integration into Energy Systems Analysis

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