Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities among Ethanol Extracts of Sophora flavescens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Dictamnus dasycarpus, and their Mixtures in RAW 246.7 Murine Macrophages

Abstract

Sophora flavescens, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Dictamnus dasycarpus have been widely used in folk medicine for several inflammatory disorders in Korea and China. In this study, we compared the anti-inflammatory effects of the ethanol extracts of S. flavescens (EESF), G. uralensis (EEGU) and D. dasycarpus (EEDS), and their mixtures (medicinal herber mixtures, MHMIXs) on production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Our data indicated that treatment with EESF, EEGU and EEDD significantly inhibited the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The ethanol extracts and MHMIXs also attenuated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by suppressing their protein expression, respectively. Interestingly, MHMIX-1, which basic ingredients are EESF, EEGU and EEDS in the proportion 3:1:1, more safely and effectively inhibits the LPS-induced inflammatory status in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages compared to ethanol extracts of each medicinal herb and other MHMIXs without causing any cytotoxic effects. Our study provides scientific evidence to support that a berbal mixture, MHMIX-1 may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory diseases by inhibiting inflammatory regulator responses in activated macrophages.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Hizikia fusiformis Extracts Fermented with Lactobacillus casei in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

“…발효톳 추출물이 pro-inflammatory cytokine 발현에 미치는 영향 TNFα, IL-1β 및 IL-6는 대표적인 염증성 cytokine으로 LPS 로 유도된 대식세포에서 과도하게 생성되어 발열, 조직을 손 상시키고 염증반응을 촉진한다 [17]. 이들 중 TNFα는 endotoxin shock에 관련된 중요한 인자로 과발현되면 치명적인 독성을 유발하여 패혈증의 원인이 되는 것으로 알려지고 있 다 [18].…”

Action Mechanism of Natural Plant Extracts for Hair Loss Prevention and Hair Growth Promotion in C57BL/6 Mice

“…The main ingredients of morus bark are α-Amyrin, kaempferol, morin, quericetin and umbelliferone, which have been known to have hair growth effects for alopecia (Lee et al, 2000). The main ingredients of the flavonoids of licorice root are liquiritigenin, liquiritin, licuraside and glycyrrhizin, which anti-inflammatory effects (Han et al, 2014). The main ingredients of pine needle extracts are cumaric acid, terpene, polyphenolic tannin and proanthocyanidie, which prevent alopecia, improve skin tissue and lightening the skin, treat hypertension and diabetes and have anticancer and antibacterial effects (Choi, 2007).…”

“…The main ingredients of pine needle extracts are cumaric acid, terpene, polyphenolic tannin and proanthocyanidie, which prevent alopecia, improve skin tissue and lightening the skin, treat hypertension and diabetes and have anticancer and antibacterial effects (Choi, 2007). Sophora root contains various types of alkaloids and flavonoids and their main ingredients have been found to be d-matrine and d-oxymatrine, which have been reported to be associated with hair growth, skin anti-aging, skin care and anti-inflammatory effects (Hwang et al, 2005;Han et al, 2014). Cnidium contains volatile essential oils and the alkaloids dl-tetrahydropalmatine, protopine, ferulic acid, ligustilide and butylidenepthalide, which have been associated with skin lightening, antibacterial and anti-oxidant effects (Heo and Ha, 2011;Ran et al, 2011).…”

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-Methylcoumarin on LPS-Stimulated Macrophage Phosphorylation in MAPK Signaling Pathways

“…Furthermore, persistent inflammatory reactions have been shown to cause chronic inflammatory diseases and tumors. [1][2][3][4] Macrophages are immune cells that are well-known for their roles in inflammatory responses. They are activated by cytokines secreted by immune cells as well as various other stimuli, resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β, IL-1β; interleukin-6, IL-6; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) and inflammatory factors (nitric oxide, NO; prostaglandin E2, PGE 2 ).…”

“…Furthermore, persistent inflammatory reactions have been shown to cause chronic inflammatory diseases and tumors. 1 -4…”