Comparison of aflatoxin and fumonisin levels in maize grown in Turkey and imported from the USA

Oruç, H. Hüseyin; Cengiz, Murat; Kalkanli, Omer

doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.02.008

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The AFB 1 levels were 21.87±6.52 μg/kg in rice bran, 21.00±1.67 μg/kg in sunflower meal, 58.40±8.15 μg/kg in DDGS and 133.00±77.30 μg/kg in maize grain. Nevertheless, the mean AFB 1 level in the current study was similar to that in the maize samples (10.94±2.32 μg/kg, total aflatoxin) reported by Oruc et al 10 .…”

supporting

confidence: 51%

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Determination of Various Mycotoxin Concentrations in the Feedstuffs and Feed Produced by A Feed Manufacturer in Turkey

Oruç¹,

Sorucu²,

Turkmen³

et al. 2012

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toxin, fumonisin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) levels in various feedstuffs (local and imported feed materials) and feed produced in a feed manufacturer. In addition, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were determined in raw cow milks (n = 24) collected from 10 certain dairy cattle farms. The samples consisted of dairy cattle (n = 26), fattening (n = 4), and calf starter (n = 4) feed, as well as feedstuffs (n = 40). All of the samples were analysed by ELISA. In the analysed samples, the incidence of AFB1, AFM1 and T-2 toxins, fumonisin, DON and ZEN were 100%, 80%, 75% and 33%, respectively. The results of this study in feedstuffs and feed revealed that the mycotoxin levels were lower than the mycotoxin limits of the European Union (EU) and Turkey. In previous studies, high concentrations of mycotoxins, especially AFB1 and AFM1, were identified in feedstuffs, feeds and milk in Turkey. In contrast, the mycotoxin levels in the current study were lower than that from the previous studies. The mycotoxin concentrations in imported feed materials (except fumonisin) were lower than those in feed materials obtained from Turkey. The results of this study indicate that the mean mycotoxin levels in feedstuff and feeds do not cause toxic effects in animals, and humans for AFM1. Keywords: Feedstuffs, Feed, Feed manufacturer, Mycotoxin levels, Multiple mycotoxin Bir Yem Fabrikası Tarafından Türkiye'de Üretilen Yem ve Yem Hammaddelerinde Çeşitli Mikotoksinlerin Miktarlarının Belirlenmesi ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı bir yem fabrikası tarafından üretilen yemlerde ve çeşitli yem hammaddelerinde (yerli ve ithal) aflatoksin B1 (AFB1), T-2 toksin, fumonisin, deoksinivalenol (DON) ve zearalenone (ZEN) düzeylerinin belirlenmesidir. Ayrıca, seçilen 10 farklı süt işletmesinden toplanan inek sütlerinde (n = 24) aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) miktarlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Numuneler, süt yemi (n = 26), besi yemi (n = 4) ve buzağı başlangıç yemi (n = 4), ile yem hammaddelerinden (n = 40) oluşmaktadır. Mikotoksin miktarları ELISA ile analiz edildi. Mikotoksinlerin tespit edilme oranı AFB1, AFM1 ve T-2 toksin, fumonisin, DON ve ZEN için sırasıyla %100, %80, %75 ve %33'tür. Yem ve yem hammaddelerinde bulduğumuz mikotoksin miktarlarının Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği'nde uygulanan limitlerin altında olduğu görüldü. Türkiye'de süt, yem ve yem hammaddelerinde daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda özellikle AFB1 ve AFM1 limitlerin üzerinde tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları benzer olan önceki çalışmaların sonuçlarının aksine daha düşüktür. İthal yem hammaddeleri Türkiye'den sağlanan yem hammaddelerinden (fumonisin hariç) daha düşük miktarlarda mikotoksin içermektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, yem ve hammaddelerindeki ortalama mikotoksin düzeylerinin hayvan sağlığı; sütlerdeki AFM1 miktarlarının da insan sağlığı açısından toksik bir etkiye neden olamayacağı görüldü.

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supporting

confidence: 51%

“…The EU Commission Recommendation for the products that are intended for animal feeding ranges from 5 to 60 mg/kg depending on feed and feedstuffs. Although the mean levels of the samples 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Various Mycotoxin Concentrations in the Feedstuffs and Feed Produced by A Feed Manufacturer in Turkey

Oruç¹,

Sorucu²,

Turkmen³

et al. 2012

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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“…However, only AFG 1 (but not other AFs) was confi rmed by TLC in this study, which is quite surprising because most of other studies detected (or analysed) only AFB 1 . In a Turkish study using ELISA, total AFs were detected in all maize samples (mean 10.94 µg kg -1 ) and in a Tunisian study in 50.5 % of cereals, dried fruit, and spices (mean 12.8 µg kg -1 ) (17,18). In Tunisian food, AFB 1 was confi rmed in 37 % of samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

Klarić

Cvetnić

Pepeljnjak

et al. 2009

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

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Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species frequently contaminate crops. For this reason mycotoxins such as afl atoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEA) are found in food and feed in a wide range of concentrations, depending on environmental and storage conditions. Consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed has been associated with acute and chronic poisoning and carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and co-occurrence of AFs (B 1 +B 2 +G 1 +G 2 ), OTA, FBs (B 1 +B 2 +B 3 ), and ZEA in 37 samples of cereals and feed randomly collected in 2007 from households of an endemic nephropathy (EN) area in Croatia. The mycotoxins were determined using the competitive direct ELISA test (CD-ELISA) in combination with thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The most frequent mycotoxin was ZEA (92 %, mean 318.3 µg kg -1 ), followed by FBs (27 %, 3690 µg kg -1 ), AFs (24.3 %, 4.6 µg kg -1 ), and OTA (16.2 %, 9.8 µg kg -1 ). Levels of AFs, ZEA, and FBs detected by CD-ELISA signifi cantly correlated with the TLC results. However, only one OTA-positive sample was confi rmed by TLC due to its high limit of detection. The levels of these mycotoxins were below the permissible limit for animal feed. Twenty-nine percent of cereals were contaminated with FBs, OTA, or ZEA in mass fractions above the permissible limit for humans. Co-occurrence of two toxins varied between 4.2 % and 54 % and of three between 4.2 % and 7.6 %. Prolonged co-exposure to AFs, OTA, FBs, and ZEA might increase the risk of various chronic diseases.

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“…There is evidence from research that many households in the study area in rural Uganda are increasingly growing cereals, legumes and tubers such as maize, beans, cassava, sweet potatoes and groundnuts [25]. Examples from other settings have shown that crops such as maize and groundnuts are prone to severe infestations by aflatoxin-producing fungi, leading to contamination and compromising food quality [6,8,20,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex agricultural livelihoods and aflatoxin exposure in rural Uganda

Agol¹

2017

AJFAND

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Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus species of fungi. They are highly toxic and have been designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as human carcinogens (Class 1: definitely carcinogenic to humans). High levels of exposure can cause acute hepatic necrosis and death while chronic exposure can cause carcinoma of the liver and possibly also growth impairment in children and compromised immunity. Contamination of crops most often occurs during harvest and storage, when damp, warm conditions allow the fungi to proliferate. Possible barriers to effective local interventions to reduce exposure were explored, by examining agricultural livelihoods and patterns of household food consumption within a population cohort in rural south west Uganda. Previous work in this cohort and elsewhere in Uganda showed that aflatoxin exposure was ubiquitous and that there are multiple sources of exposure. Data on agricultural practices were collected through a survey of 200 households; 22 of those were randomly selected for in-depth interviews. While crops such as maize, cassava, beans and groundnuts -all potential sources of aflatoxin -are grown, stored and consumed locally, the sale of home-grown foods, unfavourable climate, pests and diseases and limited labour, all facilitate food scarcities and subsequent insecurities leading to purchase of poorly stored foods which may also contain aflatoxins. Processed foods are easily accessible by many households, from the numerous trading centres established within villages. This paper gives background information on heterogeneity of household diets and seasonal trends in food consumption in rural Uganda and by so doing, identifies potential risk factors for aflatoxin contamination in the study area. Risks of aflatoxin contamination are multifaceted and this complexity makes it challenging to design and implement risk control measures and advocacy strategies. The argument of the paper is that the complexity of agricultural livelihoods and patterns of household food consumption in rural Uganda may mitigate the impact of simple, local interventions to reduce aflatoxin exposure. Therefore, intervention approaches need to take into account this complexity in order to minimize risk factors, especially amongst poor populations in rural areas.

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Comparison of aflatoxin and fumonisin levels in maize grown in Turkey and imported from the USA

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

Determination of Various Mycotoxin Concentrations in the Feedstuffs and Feed Produced by A Feed Manufacturer in Turkey

Determination of Various Mycotoxin Concentrations in the Feedstuffs and Feed Produced by A Feed Manufacturer in Turkey

Co-occurrence of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A, Fumonisins, and Zearalenone in Cereals and Feed, Determined by Competitive Direct Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Thin-Layer Chromatography

Complex agricultural livelihoods and aflatoxin exposure in rural Uganda

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