Comparison of a xenogeneic and an alloplastic material used in dental implants in terms of physico-chemical characteristics and in vivo inflammatory response

Abstract

Two commercial bone grafts used in dentistry (Osteobiol Gen-Os®, a xenograft of porcine origin, and Bonelike®, a hydroxyapatite based synthetic material), in the form of granules, were characterized and evaluated in vivo regarding the intensity of the tissue inflammatory response. These biomaterials were characterized in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, porosity and pore size, specific surface are and density. The chemical composition and structure of the materials were accessed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The graft materials were implanted in the gluteus maximus muscles of Wistar rats and the inflammatory response evaluated through histological analysis, after one week of implantation.The results showed that the two grafts have quite different characteristics in practically all the evaluated properties. While Osteobiol® exhibits a structure and composition similar to the natural bone, Bonelike® is constituted by a main crystalline phase of hydroxyapatite and two secondary phases of -and -tricalcium phosphate. Osteobiol® granules, besides being larger, are irregular, and exhibit sharp-edged tips, while those of Bonelike® are approximately cylindrical, with round contours, and more uniform in size. The in vivo response evaluated from the inflammatory infiltrates revealed that although both implants did not cause severe inflammation, Bonelike® granules elicit a consistently more intense inflammatory reaction than that triggered by the granules of Osteobiol®, particularly in terms of collagen production and formation of fibrous capsule. This reaction was partly explained in terms of the characteristics evaluated for the granules of this material.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Cortico-Cancellous Bone Mix Xenograft (Osteobiol Gen-Os®) in the Treatment of Human Periodontal Intrabony Defects

“…This result was supported by clinical findings of numerous studies. (6,7,20,22,23) The radiographic results of this study, observed that bone mineralization and osseous healing have occurred and increased in group 1 sites more than in group 2 sites during the various periods of follow up. Also, bone height gain has increased at xenograft (Gen-Os) grafted sites compared to sites treated by open flap debridement only, particularly at 6 and 12 month after surgery, this is in consistence with the changes in probing attachment level changes.…”

“…(23) Xenograft (Gen-Os) could be proving its effectiveness in periodontal regeneration of deep intrabony defects. Due to its collagen content, once hydrated it becomes very sticky and hydrophilic (6) : it combines therefore extremely well with blood and is very stable once applied into the grafting site. Its cortico-cancellous composition allows a progressive resorption of osteoclastic type, with in parallel a similar rate of new bone formation: these unique properties allow very good graft volume preservation, a healthy new bony tissue and ultimately, successful implant rehabilitation.…”

“…(3) The material exhibited good clinical findings when used for augmentation of the alveolar crest and maxillary sinus, as filler in postextractive alveolus and for implant treatment. (4,5,6) Clinical and histological study suggest that the use of collagenated porcine bone (OsteoBiol Gen Os) as a grafting material can lead to the augmentation of the alveolar crest or the maxillary sinus floor prior to or in conjunction with implant placement. (7) Long-term assessment of bone formation in response to Gen Os xenograft in an experimental rat model was studied by Develioglu H et al, (2015); they reported that Gen Os has osteoconductive and biocompatible effects.…”

Argon Plasma Surface Modified Porcine Bone Substitute Improved Osteoblast-Like Cell Behavior

“…The Ca/P ratio of both porcine grafts in the present study was higher than the one found by other authors. This can be attributed to the lower temperatures used during the porcine graft preparation in the other studies [31,34].…”

“…XRD measurements were compared to diffraction patterns of pure hydroxyapatite, attributing the peaks only to this calcium apatite [31,34]. The porcine control graft remained highly crystalline, as exhibited by the same sharp peak patterns obtained before and after the CAP treatment.…”