Comparison between summertime and wintertime Arctic Ocean primary marine aerosol properties

Zábori, J.; Krejci, Radovan; Ström, Johan; Vaattovaara, P.; Ekman, Annica M. L.; Salter, Matthew; Mårtensson, E. M.; Nilsson, E. Douglas

doi:10.5194/acp-13-4783-2013

Cited by 16 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…The predicament of multiply charged particles may well have been an issue in previous laboratory plunging jet sea spray experiments, when either an impactor was not used (or not stated) or the particle sizer had an upper cutoff significantly lower than the cutoff of the impactor used [e.g., Sellegri et al, 2006;Hultin et al, 2010Hultin et al, , 2011Zábori et al, 2012bZábori et al, , 2012aZábori et al, , 2013. We expect such problems to be largest when particle generation is induced by a plunging jet because aerosol production by forcing air through a frit below the water surface typically results in a smaller proportion of large particles than aerosol production by a plunging jet.…”

Section: Particle Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the seawater temperature dependence of the sea spray aerosol generated by a continuous plunging jet

et al. 2014

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Key Points:• Particle concentrations decreased as seawater temperature increased to ∼9°C • Bubbles with r film < 2 mm decreased as seawater temperature increased to ∼9°C• Particle concentration was correlated with bubble density at the water surface Abstract Breaking waves on the ocean surface produce bubbles which, upon bursting, deliver seawater constituents into the atmosphere as sea spray aerosol particles. One way of investigating this process in the laboratory is to generate a bubble plume by a continuous plunging jet. We performed a series of laboratory experiments to elucidate the role of seawater temperature on aerosol production from artificial seawater free from organic contamination using a plunging jet. The seawater temperature was varied from −1.3• C to 30.1 • C, while the volume of air entrained by the jet, surface bubble size distributions, and size distribution of the aerosol particles produced was monitored. We observed that the volume of air entrained decreased as the seawater temperature was increased. The number of surface bubbles with film radius smaller than 2 mm decreased nonlinearly with seawater temperature. This decrease was coincident with a substantial reduction in particle production. The number concentrations of particles with dry diameter less than ∼1 m decreased substantially as the seawater temperature was increased from −1.3With further increase in seawater temperature (up to 30• C), a small increase in the number concentration of larger particles (dry diameter >∼0.3 m) was observed. Based on these observations, we infer that as seawater temperature increases, the process of bubble fragmentation changes, resulting in decreased air entrainment by the plunging jet, as well as the number of bubbles with film radius smaller than 2 mm. This again results in decreased particle production with increasing seawater temperature.

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Section: Particle Size Distributionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the seawater temperature dependence of the sea spray aerosol generated by a continuous plunging jet

et al. 2014

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“…A series of laboratory systems designed to replicate sea spray aerosol production by whitecaps have shown that the number production flux increases markedly as water temperatures are decreased (e.g. Salter et al, 2014;Zábori et al, 2013;Bowyer et al, 1990). In contrast, observational data from the field, such as chemical analysis of particulate matter smaller than 10 µmin diameter (PM 10 ) or total suspended mass, have often been used to infer that sea spray aerosol production increases with higher sea surface temperatures due to higher observed concentrations at lower latitudes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An empirically derived inorganic sea spray source function incorporating sea surface temperature

et al. 2015

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Abstract.We have developed an inorganic sea spray source function that is based upon state-of-the-art measurements of sea spray aerosol production using a temperature-controlled plunging jet sea spray aerosol chamber. The size-resolved particle production was measured between 0.01 and 10 µm dry diameter. Particle production decreased non-linearly with increasing seawater temperature (between −1 and 30 • C) similar to previous findings. In addition, we observed that the particle effective radius, as well as the particle surface, particle volume and particle mass, increased with increasing seawater temperature due to increased production of particles with dry diameters greater than 1 µm. By combining these measurements with the volume of air entrained by the plunging jet we have determined the size-resolved particle flux as a function of air entrainment. Through the use of existing parameterisations of air entrainment as a function of wind speed, we were subsequently able to scale our laboratory measurements of particle production to wind speed. By scaling in this way we avoid some of the difficulties associated with defining the "white area" of the laboratory whitecap -a contentious issue when relating laboratory measurements of particle production to oceanic whitecaps using the more frequently applied whitecap method.The here-derived inorganic sea spray source function was implemented in a Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART -FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model). An estimated annual global flux of inorganic sea spray aerosol of 5.9 ± 0.2 Pg yr −1 was derived that is close to the median of estimates from the same model using a wide range of existing sea spray source functions. When using the source function derived here, the model also showed good skill in predicting measurements of Na + concentration at a number of field sites further underlining the validity of our source function.In a final step, the sensitivity of a large-scale model (NorESM -the Norwegian Earth System Model) to our new source function was tested. Compared to the previously implemented parameterisation, a clear decrease of sea spray aerosol number flux and increase in aerosol residence time was observed, especially over the Southern Ocean. At the same time an increase in aerosol optical depth due to an increase in the number of particles with optically relevant sizes was found. That there were noticeable regional differences may have important implications for aerosol optical properties and number concentrations, subsequently also affecting the indirect radiative forcing by non-sea spray anthropogenic aerosols.

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“…1a) in a marine laboratory during late Arctic winter conditions (from the 15 February to the 7 March 2010) and during late Arctic summer conditions (from the 24 August to the 7 September 2009). This paper presents results of the winter measurements, whereas Zábori et al (2012) will compare summer and winter conditions. Sea water samples each of 180 l were collected at three different locations in the vicinity of Ny-Ålesund to cover possible differences between outer-fjord and inner-fjord conditions, including the potential influence of the Kongsbreen glacier (Fig.…”

Section: Experimental Sitementioning

confidence: 99%

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

et al. 2012

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Abstract. Sea spray aerosols are an important part of the climate system through their direct and indirect effects. Due to the diminishing sea ice, the Arctic Ocean is one of the most rapidly changing sea spray aerosol source areas. However, the influence of these changes on primary particle production is not known.In laboratory experiments we examined the influence of Arctic Ocean water temperature, salinity, and oxygen saturation on primary particle concentration characteristics. Sea water temperature was identified as the most important of these parameters. A strong decrease in sea spray aerosol production with increasing water temperature was observed for water temperatures between −1 • C and 9 • C. Aerosol number concentrations decreased from at least 1400 cm −3 to 350 cm −3 . In general, the aerosol number size distribution exhibited a robust shape with one mode close to dry diameter D p 0.2 µm with approximately 45 % of particles at smaller sizes. Changes in sea water temperature did not result in pronounced change of the shape of the aerosol size distribution, only in the magnitude of the concentrations. Our experiments indicate that changes in aerosol emissions are most likely linked to changes of the physical properties of sea water at low temperatures. The observed strong dependence of sea spray aerosol concentrations on sea water temperature, with a large fraction of the emitted particles in the typical cloud condensation nuclei size range, provide strong arguments for a more careful consideration of this effect in climate models.

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Comparison between summertime and wintertime Arctic Ocean primary marine aerosol properties

Cited by 16 publications

References 50 publications

On the seawater temperature dependence of the sea spray aerosol generated by a continuous plunging jet

On the seawater temperature dependence of the sea spray aerosol generated by a continuous plunging jet

An empirically derived inorganic sea spray source function incorporating sea surface temperature

Wintertime Arctic Ocean sea water properties and primary marine aerosol concentrations

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