Comparison between peak oxygen consumption and its associated speed determined through an incremental test and a 400-m effort: Implication for swimming training prescription

Campos, Eduardo Zapaterra; Kalva-Filho, Carlos Augusto; Loures, João Paulo; Manchado-Gobatto, Fúlvia de Barros; Zagatto, Alessandro Moura; Papoti, Marcelo

doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2016.06.007

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…VO 2 values were log-transformed and plotted against time, which was linearly adjusted. Thus, the y-intercept was considered as VO 2 at the end of exercise (Montpetit et al, 1981 ; Bonne et al, 2014 ; Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ; Campos et al, 2016 ), and assumed as the first point of recovery.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second limitation is that total phosphagen (AnAl) and glycolytic (AnLa) contributions cannot be determined separately using the AOD method, decreasing the possible investigation of these metabolisms in different swimming distances. Finally, the third limitation is the use of a snorkel and valve system to assess VO 2 during swimming (Reis et al, 2010a , b ), which reduces the speed and clearly disrupts the motor pattern, making undulations, turns, and side respiration impossible during the effort (Jalab et al, 2011 ; Campos et al, 2016 ). Considering the importance of these mechanical factors, the use of a snorkel and valve system could influence the AOD values and, consequently, lead to misinterpretation of the importance of the anaerobic metabolism in different performances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, the backward extrapolation technique consists of connecting the swimmer to a gas analyzer as quickly as possible after exercise (Montpetit et al, 1981 ; Costill et al, 1985 ). VO 2 (log transformed) and recovery time are linearly adjusted and VO 2 relative to the effort is determined at the end of exercise (Campos et al, 2016 ). Although the majority of studies have used the backward extrapolation technique in the first 30 s of recovery—assessing peak oxygen consumption (VO 2PEAK ) (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ; Campos et al, 2016 )—the time of monitoring can be extended, allowing its use to determine EPOC FAST (i.e., AnAl) (Kalva-Filho et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

et al. 2017

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Total anaerobic contribution (TAn) can be assessed by accumulated oxygen deficit, and through sum of glycolytic and phosphagen contribution which enable the evaluation of TAn without influences on mechanical parameters. However, little is known about the difference of TAn within swimming distances. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine and compare the TAn in different performances using the backward extrapolation technique and amount of lactate accumulated during exercise, and relate it with swimming performance. Fourteen competitive swimmers performed five maximal front crawl swims of 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m. The total phosphagen (AnAl) and glycolytic (AnLa) contributions were assumed as the fast component of post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOCFAST) and amount of blood lactate accumulated during exercise, respectively. TAn was the sum of AnAl and AnLa. Significantly lower values of AnLa were observed in the 800 m (p < 0.01) than other distances. For AnAl, the 50 m performance presented the lowest values, followed by 100 and 800 m (p < 0.01). The highest values of AnAl were observed in the 200 and 400 m (p > 0.13). The TAn was significantly higher in the 200 and 400 m performances than observed at 50 and 800 m (p < 0.01). Anaerobic contributions were correlated with 50, 100, 200, and 400 m performances (p < 0.01). The AnAl contribution was not correlated with 400 m performance. Anaerobic parameters were not correlated with 800 m performance. In conclusion, the highest values of anaerobic contribution were observed in the 200 and 400 m distances. Moreover, TAn is important to performances below 400 m, and may be used in training routines.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

et al. 2017

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“…This protocol consists of coupling the gas analyzer to the athlete immediately after the effort ( Leger et al, 1980 ; Montpetit et al, 1981 ; Costill et al, 1985 ; Campos et al, 2017a ; Rodríguez et al, 2017 ). From the linear adjustment between O 2 (log transformed) and recovery time the O 2 relative to the effort is determined ( Campos et al, 2017b ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Parameters With Game Technical Performance in Elite Goalball Athletes

Alves¹,

Kalva-Filho²,

Aquino³

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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Our aims were to compare physiological parameters from the laboratory environment (LaB) and simulated goalball games (GaM), test relationships between physiological parameters in the laboratory and game technical performance (GTP), and examine the associations between physiological and technical responses during games. Seven elite athletes from the Brazilian National Team performed in LaB environment; (i) an incremental test to determine peak oxygen consumption (O2PEAK), its corresponding speed, and peak blood lactate concentration and (ii) submaximal and supramaximal efforts to estimate maximal anaerobic contribution (AnC). In GaM condition, simulated games were also performed to determine physiological responses throughout the game, and to analyze the GTP (number of throws, defenses, recovery, and density of actions). No correlations (unclear) were found between laboratory and games analyses for O2PEAK [47.3 (17.2) vs. 25.8 (18.2) mL⋅Kg-1⋅min-1], peak blood lactate concentrations [10.2 (5.4) vs. 2.0 (0.7) mM], and total AnC [21.0 (14.0) vs. 4.8 (6.1) mL Kg-1]. O2PEAK in the laboratory condition presented very likely correlations with throw and recovery frequency in games (r = -0.87 and confidence interval [CI] = 0.41; r = -0.90 and CI = 0.35; respectively). Oxygen consumption remained above baseline while blood lactate concentration remained unchanged during the games. The very likely correlation between anaerobic alactic contribution and action density (r = 0.95 and CI = 0.25) highlights the importance of the alactic metabolism. In general, our study demonstrates that goalball can be characterized as a high-intensity intermittent effort, where athlete performance is based on aerobic metabolism predominance while determinant actions are supplied by the anaerobic alactic metabolism. Specifically, higher values of LaB vs. GaM highlighted the need for standardization of specific protocols for goalball evaluation, mainly for the reproduction of ecologically valid values. In addition, O2PEAK correlated with recovery frequency in the LaB condition, demonstrating that passive or low-intensity recovery between actions is fundamental to maintain performance.

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“…The equipment was calibrated immediately before the test according to the instruction of the manufacturer. The VO 2Peak was obtained using a 30 s backward extrapolation technique (Campos et al, 2017b ; Monteiro et al, 2020 ); for this, VO 2 values were transformed in logVO 2 , and plotted against time. Through a linear regression the y -intercept was considered as VO 2Peak .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Free-Swimming: Sensitivity to Maturation Stages and Validity

Campos

Kalva-Filho

Silva

et al. 2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Evaluation of anaerobic contribution is important under swimming settings (training and modification through ages), therefore, it is expected to change during maturation. The accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD) method can be used to determine the contribution of nonoxidative energy during swimming; however, it requires several days of evaluation. An alternative method to estimate anaerobic contribution evaluation (ACALT), which can also be evaluated without snorkel (i.e., free-swimming, ACFS), has been proposed; however, these methods have never been compared. Thus, this study (i) analyzed the effect of maturation stage on ACFS during maximal 400 m swimming (Part I), and (ii) compared AOD with ACALT and ACFS, determined in a maximal 400 m effort (Part II). In Part I, 34 swimmers were divided into three groups, according to maturation stages (early-pubertal, middle-pubertal, and pubertal), and subjected to a maximal 400 m free-swimming to determine ACFS. In Part II, six swimmers were subjected to one 400 m maximal effort, and four submaximal constant efforts. The AOD was determined by the difference between the estimated demand and accumulated oxygen during the entire effort. The ACALT and ACFS (for Part I as well) was assumed as the sum of lactic and alactic anaerobic contributions. ACFS was higher in pubertal (3.8 ± 1.1 L) than early (2.1 ± 0.9 L) and middle pubertal group (2.4 ± 1.1 L). No difference was observed among absolute AOD (3.2 ± 1.3 L), ACALT (3.2 ± 1.5 L), and ACFS (4.0 ± 0.9 L) (F = 3.6; p = 0.06). Relative AOD (51.8 ± 12.2 mL·kg−1), ACALT (50.5 ± 14.3 mL·kg−1), and ACFS (65.2 ± 8.8 mL·kg−1) presented main effect (F = 4.49; p = 0.04), without posthoc difference. The bias of AOD vs. ACALT was 0.04 L, and AOD vs. ACFS was −0.74 L. The limits of agreement between AOD and ACALT were +0.9 L and −0.8 L, and between AOD and ACFS were +0.7 L and −2.7 L. It can be concluded that ACFS determination is a feasible tool to determine anaerobic contribution in young swimmers, and it changes during maturation stages. Also, ACFS might be useful to measure anaerobic contribution in swimmers, especially because it allows greater speeds.

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Comparison between peak oxygen consumption and its associated speed determined through an incremental test and a 400-m effort: Implication for swimming training prescription

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Swimming Distances: Relation with Performance

Relationships Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Parameters With Game Technical Performance in Elite Goalball Athletes

Anaerobic Contribution Determined in Free-Swimming: Sensitivity to Maturation Stages and Validity

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