Comparison Between Elite and Subelite Swimmers on Dry Land and Tumble Turn Leg Extensor Force-Time Characteristics

Jones, Julian V.; Pyne, David B.; Haff, G. Gregory; Newton, Robert U.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002041

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In order to develop these kinematic aspects and prepare for competitions, training programs should involve a substantial amount of race-pace-specific drills designed to improve turn performance. Additionally, swimmers can benefit from on-land strength and conditioning programs to develop the specific lower-body power needed for on-wall force production [ 24 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers

Born

Kuger

Polach

et al. 2021

Sports

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The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of start and turn performances on race times in top-elite female swimmers and provide benchmarks for all performance levels, all swimming strokes, and all race distances of the European Short-Course Championships (EC). The individual races (n = 798) of all female competitors (age: 20.6 ± 3.9 years, FINA points: 792 ± 78) were video-monitored for subsequent analysis of start and turn performances. Benchmarks were established across all competitors of each event based on the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. Start and turn performances contributed up to 27.43% and 56.37% to total race time, respectively. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the fastest swimmers had the lowest contribution of the acyclic phases to race time. Therefore, relative to their faster race times, these swimmers were even faster during starts and turns. Multiple linear regression analysis showed large effects of turn performance on 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m race times (β = 0.616, 0.813, 0.988, 1.004, and 1.011, respectively), while the effect of start performance continuously decreased the longer the race distance. As turn performance may be the distinguishing factor in modern short-course races, benchmarks should be used to set goals and establish training guidelines depending on the targeted race time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers

Born

Kuger

Polach

et al. 2021

Sports

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“…For example, the ability to rapidly produce force and power in lower body limbs, has been shown to influence the StT in swimming. [19][20][21] A previous study has developed a non-invasive methodology to estimate the muscle fibre typology, based on the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) derived measurement of intra-muscular carnosine. 14 Carnosine is a stable, dipeptide that has a two-fold higher concentration in type II fibres 22,23 and is associated with the muscle biopsy determined percentage area occupied by type II fibres (P < 0.01 and r = 0.71).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle Fiber Typology and Its Association With Start and Turn Performance in Elite Swimmers

Mallett¹,

Bellinger²,

Derave³

et al. 2021

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose: To determine the association between estimated muscle fiber typology and the start and turn phases of elite swimmers during competition. Methods: International and national competition racing performance was analyzed from 21 female (FINA points = 894 ± 39: 104.5 ± 1.8% world record ratio [WRR]) and 25 male (FINA points = 885 ± 54: 104.8 ± 2.1% WRR) elite swimmers. The start, turn, and turn out times were determined from each of the swimmers’ career best performance times (FINA points = 889 ± 48: 104.7 ± 2.0% WRR). Muscle carnosine concentration was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius and soleus and was expressed as a carnosine aggregate z score relative to an age- and gender-matched nonathlete control group to estimate muscle fiber typology. Linear mixed models were employed to determine the association between muscle fiber typology and the start and turn times. Results: While there was no significant influence of carnosine aggregate z score on the start and turn times when all strokes and distance events were entered into the model, the swimmers with a higher carnosine aggregate z score (ie, faster muscle typology) had a significantly faster start time in 100-m events compared with the swimmers with a lower carnosine aggregate z score (P = .02, F = 5.825). The start and turn times were significantly faster in the male compared with the female swimmers in the 100-m events compared with other distances, and between the 4 different swimming strokes (P < .001). Conclusion: This study suggests that start times in sprint events are partly determined (and limited) by muscle fiber typology, which is highly relevant when ∼12% of the overall performance time is determined from the start time.

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“…On the other hand, the increase in the mean power is strongly related to increase in speed, as expected. Elite swimmers exhibited superior lower-limb S&P for the swimming turn compared to younger and less experienced swimmers (Jones et al, 2018). A cluster analysis of young swimmers over a full season noted that the cluster of best performers (talented swimmers) was always characterised by parameters related to dry-land S&P, but not in the cluster of mid-tier swimmers (proficient swimmers) and low-tier counterparts (non-proficient swimmers) (Morais et al, 2016a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The transfer of dry-land strength & power into thrust in competitive swimming

Tan

Lee²,

Boey³

et al. 2021

Sports Biomechanics

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The aim was to compare the transfer of dry-land strength and power (S&P) of the shoulder into thrust in front-crawl between swimmers of different competitive levels. Four elite and six sub-elite swimmers were selected to perform a dry-land or an in-water test in random order. The dry-land S&P measurements comprised mean torque, peak torque and mean power of the shoulder rotators of the dominant and nondominant upper-limbs that were assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer at 90°/s and 180°/s. In-water mean thrust, peak thrust and peak power were collected using an in-house customised system composed of differential pressure sensors and an underwater camera during a 25 m freestyle swim at three different paces (400 m pace, 200 m pace, all-out). There were non-significant and trivial variations in dryland S&P between elite and sub-elite swimmers. The variations were non-significant but mostly large in the case of thrust. Correlation coefficients of elite swimmers were significantly larger than sub-elite counterparts. In conclusion, elite swimmers seem to be more efficient than sub-elite swimmers at transferring dry-land S&P into thrust.

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Comparison Between Elite and Subelite Swimmers on Dry Land and Tumble Turn Leg Extensor Force-Time Characteristics

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers

Turn Fast and Win: The Importance of Acyclic Phases in Top-Elite Female Swimmers

Muscle Fiber Typology and Its Association With Start and Turn Performance in Elite Swimmers

The transfer of dry-land strength & power into thrust in competitive swimming

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