Comparing Trends in Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Lifestyle Factors Between the United States, Spain, and The Netherlands

Abstract

OBJECTIVES The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in the western world has been rapidly increasing. The trends in obesity and other lifestyle-associated factors have been hypothesized to be important drivers of this increase. We tested this hypothesis by comparing changes in these factors with changes in EAC incidence over time between three western countries. METHODS Data on EAC incidence trends were abstracted from the SEER-9 registry (1975–2009) for the United States, from multiple cancer registries (1980–2004) in Spain, and from Eindhoven Cancer Registry in the Netherlands (1974–2010). In addition, we collected trend data on obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The trend data were analyzed using log-linear regression. RESULTS In 1980, the EAC incidence was similar among the three countries ((0.46–0.63) per 100,000). EAC incidence increased in all, with the largest increase observed in the Netherlands, followed by the United States and Spain (estimated annual percentage of change = 9.7 %, 7.4 %, 4.3 %, respectively). However, this pattern was not observed in lifestyle factors associated with EAC. With regards to obesity, the United States clearly has had the highest prevalence rates both in the past and in the present. For alcohol, the highest consumption rates are seen in Spain. Smoking showed a reverse trend compared with EAC among all three countries in the last 20 years. CONCLUSIONS International trends in EAC incidence do not match corresponding trends in lifestyle-associated factors including obesity. Our findings suggest that factors other than obesity must be the important drivers for the increase in EAC incidence.

Dietary and Demographical Risk Factors for Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey Where Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers are Endemic

“…In contrast to ESCC, the risk factors for adenocarcinoma are not very clear but may include oesophageal reflux, smoking, obesity, nitrosamine-containing diets, and high-fat, low-protein, high-calorie diets (Veugelers et al, 2006;Lee., 2012;Kroep et al, 2014).…”

Erzurum yöresi 2002-2004 ve 2010-2012 yıllarında saptanan özofagus kanserlerinin karşılaştırılması

“…Obezite ve diğer hayat sitili ile ilgili faktörlerin bu artıştan sorumlu olduğu düşünülmektedir. Ancak obeziteyi içeren hayat tarzı alışkanlıkları özofagus adenokanserin internasyonal seyrini izah etmemektedir (8).…”

“…Özofagus adenokanser insidansı batı dünyasında hızlı bir şe-kilde artmaktadır. Obezite ve diğer hayat sitili ile ilgili faktör-lerin bu artıştan sorumlu olduğu düşünülmektedir (8).…”

ESOPHAGEAL CARCINOMA: IS SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA DIFFERENT DISEASE COMPARED TO ADENOCARCINOMA? A transversal study in a quaternary high volume hospital in Brazil

“…Southern Brazil, for instance, has the highest rate of esophageal cancer in South America, meanwhile Northern Brazil has a very low incidence of the disease (4:100 000 inhabitants) (2,12) . Even though many studies show a changing pattern in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma when compared to squamous cell carcinoma worldwide and in São Paulo (2,9) , in our service, there is still an absolute predominance of the latter. A recent research performed in Rio Grande do Sul State (Southern Brazil), showed that not only the prevalence rate of esophageal cancer, along a 20 year-period, remained stable, but also, the proportions of SCC and ADC did not change-92% of the cases are SCC and 7.9% are EA (5) .…”