Comparing the environmental performance of industrial recycling routes for lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide 111 vehicle batteries

Abdelbaky, Mohammad; Schwich, Lilian; Crenna, Eleonora; Peeters, Jef; Hischier, Roland; Friedrich, Bernd; Dewulf, Wim

doi:10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.012

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Washing of the C-filter cake is highly relevant: The lithium yield of 2.LS.1 is mostly higher than 2.LS.4-2.LS.9 and even in comparison to the CO 2 -treated trials (2.LS.17 and 2.LS.18). Therefore, the key mechanisms detected in [19] for lithium-ion batteries can be proven here for Li-S black mass, too.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…In fact, this publication, in combination with [18][19][20]58], provides a comparison between the LiBs and LiS batteries in terms of recyclability. When comparing LiBs and LiS-batteries in terms of their metallurgical recyclability, several benefits and drawbacks were observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li-losses in the different filter cakes were found and Li-losses in the residual filtrate and impurities in the product. An LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) of this process path for lithium-ion batteries demonstrated that pH-adjustment by NaOH, which was used in [18], significantly contributes to the GWP (global warming potential), TAP (terrestrial acidification potential) and FDP (fossil depletion potential) of this process [19]. NaOH production makes up the largest part in FDP and GWP, hence it demonstrates the highest impact regarding the environmental impact categories of the process [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Environmentally Friendly Recovery of Lithium from Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Schwich

Friedrich

2022

Metals

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the context of the rising demand for electric storage systems, lithium–sulfur batteries provide an attractive solution for low-weight and high-energy battery systems. Considering circular economy for new technologies, it is necessary to assure the raw material requirements for future generations. Therefore, metallurgical recycling processes are required. Since lithium is the central and most valuable element used in lithium–sulfur batteries, this study presents an environmentally friendly and safe process for lithium recovery as lithium carbonate. The developed and experimentally performed process is a combination of thermal and hydrometallurgical methods. Firstly, the battery cells are thermally deactivated to mechanically extract black mass. Then, water leaching of the black mass in combination with using CO2, instead of emitting it, can mobilize lithium by >90% as solid product.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Environmentally Friendly Recovery of Lithium from Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Schwich

Friedrich

2022

Metals

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This resulting variety leads to high complexity in the field of LIB recycling. This motivated the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate different recycling routes and their impacts on the life cycle of the LIB (Gaines et al, 2010;Dunn et al, 2012Dunn et al, , 2016Ciez and Whitacre, 2019;Cusenza et al, 2019;Abdelbaky et al, 2021;Porzio and Scown, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of stakeholder perspectives on the end-of-life allocation in the life cycle assessment of lithium-ion batteries

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

With an increasing number of electric vehicles on roads, recycling is an important topic to design circular supply chains for batteries. To stimulate such circular supply chains, the new EU battery directive includes mandatory recycled content in batteries and recovery rates of materials for lithium-ion batteries on the European market. Modeling the end-of-life of batteries as part of a life cycle assessment (LCA) is methodologically challenging as batteries are quite complex product systems. One of these challenges is the allocation of material impacts from different life cycle stages along subsequent product life cycles. We analyzed the different stakeholders in the life cycle of a lithium-ion battery and identified possible LCA questions based on their decision contexts. For each LCA question, an LCA archetype was defined, which includes the functional unit, the system boundary, and the allocation procedure. These archetypes are applied and tested in a case study. The results show a significant variance depending on the archetype used. This highlights the importance of understanding the stakeholder perspective in LCA and decision support.

show abstract

“…NaOH, NH 4 OH, Na 2 CO 3 ) with an elevated environmental footprint is one of the major drawbacks of the chemical precipitation approach. 18 The energy inputs of the chemical reactions vary within a wide range, as solvent extraction takes place ∼25 °C, while chemical precipitation as hydroxides or carbonates may require 40–65 °C 15–17 or above (80 °C) to shorten reaction times, enhance metal specificity and evaporate the solvent. Multiple combinations of optimised parameters are reported in the literature dependent upon the initial concentration of metals, leaching process, target efficiency and purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%