Comparing the electrochemical degradation of the fluoroquinolone antibiotics norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin using distinct electrolytes and a BDD anode: evolution of main oxidation byproducts and toxicity

Abstract

Highlights Both fluoroquinolones are totally removed regardless of supporting electrolyte (SE) Use of NaCl leads to a significantly faster removal of the fluoroquinolones (FQs) The SE nature affects the TOC removal rate, much more markedly for NaCl Solution antimicrobial activity vs. electrolysis time is affected by SE and FQ nature LC-MS/MS analyses show that both SE and FQ nature determine occurring oxidation steps

Ecotoxicological effect of enrofloxacin on Spirulina platensis and the corresponding detoxification mechanism

“…5b, P346 was proposed to be the carbonyl substituted ciprofloxacin with the molecular ion at m / z 346, corresponding to the oxidized product of ciprofloxacin with the mass gain of 14 daltons. 36 This was supported by the detection of the fragment ion at m / z 284, which was dissociated from the molecular ion at m / z 346 by losing both fluoro and carboxyl groups. According to the “nitrogen rule”, P291 should have two nitrogen atoms in its structure (Fig.…”

Solar Photoelectro-Fenton-Like Process with Anodically-Generated HClO in a Flow Reactor: Norfloxacin as a Pollutant with a Particular Structure

“…Worth noticing, worse results have been reported by Carneiro et al [46] for the treatment 1 L of solutions containing 100 mg L -1 NFX + 0.1 M NaCl, using a flow system with a filter-press cell equipped with a BDD anode operating at j = 10 mA cm -2 . Total degradation was more slowly achieved (i.e., 60 min), whereas a similar TOC decay of about 60% was attained in 300 min.…”

“…The removal of NFX has been evaluated by UV/H2O2 [31,34], photocatalysis [35][36][37], Fenton-based processes [38,39] and photocatalysis with active chlorine species [40,41], as well as by other methods [42,43]. The elimination of NFX has also been carried out by AO with BDD anode [44][45][46], AO-HClO [47,48],…”

Boosting Hydroxyl Radical Yield via Synergistic Activation of Electrogenerated HOCl/H2O2 in Electro-Fenton-like Degradation of Contaminants under Chloride Conditions

“…Similar outcomes have been reported in previous studies because most of the organochlorines are highly resistant to • OH oxidation attack. 42,45 It is still quite challenging for a single treatment process to achieve absolute purification of industrial wastewaters of complex nature. A combined oxidation−reduction process for the treatment of chlorinated organic pollutants, particularly under high chloride conditions, should be evaluated in the future.…”