Comparing apples with apples: it is time for standardized reporting of neonatal nutrition and growth studies

Cormack, Barbara; Embleton, Nicholas D.; Goudoever, Johannes B. van; Hay, William W.; Bloomfield, Frank H.

doi:10.1038/pr.2016.26

Cited by 116 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, there is a lack of standardization of methods used to calculate preterm infant growth velocity which makes comparisons between studies difficult [27,28]. The growth reference used also did not include Chinese infants in its development which make comparisons difficult.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in Weight in Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Fortified Breast Milk versus Formula Milk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

et al. 2017

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There has been a dramatic rise in preterm births in developed countries owing to changes in clinical practices and greater use of assisted reproductive techniques. However, few studies have examined the growth and outcomes of preterm infants according to the type of feeding (with fortified breast milk or formula). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of breast milk feedings and formula on the growth and short-term outcomes of preterm infants in Hong Kong. In a single-center retrospective cohort study, we included 642 preterm infants at gestational age <37 weeks with birth weights <2200 g. According to World Health Organization criteria, 466 were classified as low birth weight (LBW) infants (≥1500 g and <2200 g) and 176 were classified as very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1500 g). The mothers of approximately 80% of VLBW infants and 60% LBW infants initiated breast milk feeding. When compared with no breast milk intake, LBW infants that received breast milk were significantly more likely to have growth z-scores closer to the median of the reference population on admission and experienced slower weight gain from birth to discharge. When breast milk was categorized by percent of total enteral intake, significant differences were seen among LBW infants, with lower percentages of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) status at discharge with increased proportions of breast milk intake. Our results suggest that LBW infants fed breast milk had better growth z-scores and lower SGA status at discharge compared with those predominately fed preterm formula.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increase in Weight in Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Fortified Breast Milk versus Formula Milk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

et al. 2017

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“…A multiple regression analysis was used to compare feeding groups, with respect to weight and length/height growth alterations over time (Δz score) with adjustment for potential confounders such as GA, BW, gender, multiple births, age at follow-up, and mothers' social status. Data on catch-up and continuous growth have been handled as suggested by Cormack et al [12]. To compare groups for primary outcomes on growth (weight and length/height), z scores were calculated as: the difference between the actual growth and the expected reference growth divided by 1 SD, i.e., (BW -reference BW)/1 SD, for each gender.…”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catch-Up Growth, Rapid Weight Growth, and Continuous Growth from Birth to 6 Years of Age in Very-Preterm-Born Children

Toftlund¹,

Halken²,

Agertoft³

et al. 2018

Neonatology

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Background: Breastfeeding promotes healthy growth in very-preterm-born infants (VPI), but extra nutritional supply is needed to ensure catch-up growth and brain development. Objectives: To investigate how different types of post-discharge nutrition affect growth until 6 years of age in children born VPI. Methods: This was a 6-year follow-up study of 281 VPI. Median gestational age (GA) was 30 + 0 weeks (range 24–32 weeks). When breastfed at discharge, they were randomized to unfortified human milk (UHM) or fortified human milk (FHM). If not breastfed at discharge, they received a preterm formula (PF). The intervention lasted until 4 months of corrected age (CA). At 6 years CA, their height and weight were measured. Results: A total of 239 children participated in the follow-up. UHM-feeding compared to both PF- and FHM-feeding resulted in a slower but continuous catch-up growth until 6 years of age. Participants born small-for-GA compared to appropriate-for-GA more often demonstrated continuous catch-up growth until 6 years of age (p = 0.018). Rapid weight growth (a change in z score > 1 SD during a short time period) was found to be most pronounced from 34 weeks post-menstrual age to 2 months CA, and especially among those fed PF (p = 0.002 vs. UHM, p = 0.07 vs. FHM). Conclusions: Catch-up growth occurred mainly before discharge, regardless of the feeding group. UHM-fed infants demonstrated catch-up growth that was slower, but extended until 6 years of age. Rapid weight growth was most pronounced shortly after discharge and especially if PF-fed.

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“…The body composition of preterm infants at term equivalent age is not comparable with term infants [12]. Babies born preterm are more likely to be growth-restricted compared with babies with an equal gestational age who remain in utero and are born at term age [13]. Furthermore, preterm infants are a vulnerable group who have increased nutritional requirements, are at risk of developing gastro-esophageal reflux, respiratory problems, and have delayed early gross motor development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Timing of Initiating Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants and Its Effect on Overweight: A Systematic Review

et al. 2018

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Background: What is the appropriate time to start complementary feeding for preterm infants? The answer to this question is yet under debate. The timing of initiating complementary feeding may be associated with overweight in term infants. This systematic review aimed to study the effect of the timing of initiating complementary feeding on overweight in preterm infants. Predefined search items included preterm infants, complementary feeding, overweight, and their synonyms. Summary: The search identified 15,749 articles, of which 5 articles were included. Three studies presented data of randomized controlled trials and 2 studies were cohort studies. Two randomized controlled trials found no significant difference in body mass index (BMI) Z-score between the intervention groups at 12 months of age. One randomized controlled trial presented a significant greater mean rate of growth in length per week until 12 months in the preterm weaning strategy-group compared with the current best practices. One observational study concluded that each month the infants received complementary food later, the Z-score for length and weight was reduced by 0.1. Key Messages: No clear conclusion could be drawn from the included studies. This review illustrates the need for further research to access the effect of the timing of initiating complementary feeding on overweight in preterm infants.

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Comparing apples with apples: it is time for standardized reporting of neonatal nutrition and growth studies

Cited by 116 publications

References 79 publications

Increase in Weight in Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Fortified Breast Milk versus Formula Milk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Increase in Weight in Low Birth Weight and Very Low Birth Weight Infants Fed Fortified Breast Milk versus Formula Milk: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Catch-Up Growth, Rapid Weight Growth, and Continuous Growth from Birth to 6 Years of Age in Very-Preterm-Born Children

The Timing of Initiating Complementary Feeding in Preterm Infants and Its Effect on Overweight: A Systematic Review

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