The number of surviving children born prematurely has increased substantially during the last 2 decades. The major goal of enteral nutrient supply to these infants is to achieve growth similar to foetal growth coupled with satisfactory functional development. The accumulation of knowledge since the previous guideline on nutrition of preterm infants from the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition in 1987 has made a new guideline necessary. Thus, an ad hoc expert panel was convened by the Committee on Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition in 2007 to make appropriate recommendations. The present guideline, of which the major recommendations are summarised here (for the full report, see http://links.lww.com/A1480), is consistent with, but not identical to, recent guidelines from the Life Sciences Research Office of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences published in 2002 and recommendations from the handbook Nutrition of the Preterm Infant. Scientific Basis and Practical Guidelines, 2nd ed, edited by Tsang et al, and published in 2005. The preferred food for premature infants is fortified human milk from the infant's own mother, or, alternatively, formula designed for premature infants. This guideline aims to provide proposed advisable ranges for nutrient intakes for stable-growing preterm infants up to a weight of approximately 1800 g, because most data are available for these infants. These recommendations are based on a considered review of available scientific reports on the subject, and on expert consensus for which the available scientific data are considered inadequate.

Parents should be encouraged to respond to their infant's hunger and satiety queues and to avoid feeding to comfort or as a reward.

Preterm infants inevitably accumulate a significant nutrient deficit in the first few weeks of life that will not be replaced when current RDIs are fed. This deficit can be directly related to subsequent postnatal growth retardation.postnatal growth retardation, preterm infants.

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Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 1 Weight gain (g/kg/day).. .. .. .. .. . Analysis 2.2. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 2 Linear grwoth (crown-heel length mm/week).. . Analysis 2.3. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 3 Head growth (mm/week).. .. .. .. .. Analysis 2.4. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 4 Weight (kg) at 9 months post-term.. .. .. . Analysis 2.5. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 5 Length (cm) at 9 months post-term.. .. .. Analysis 2.6. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 6 Head circumference (cm) at 9 months post-term.. Analysis 2.7. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 7 Weight (kg) at 18 months post-term.. .. .. Analysis 2.8. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 8 Length (cm) at 18 months post-term.. .. .. Analysis 2.9. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 9 Head circumference (cm) at 18 months post-term. Analysis 2.10. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 10 Weight (kg) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.. .. .. Analysis 2.11. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 11 Length (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age.. .. .. Analysis 2.12. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 12 Head circumference (cm) at 7.5 to 8 years of age. Analysis 2.13. Comparison 2 Subgroup analysis: formula versus donated breast milk (DBM) given as (i) sole diet or (ii) a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk, Outcome 13 Bayley Mental Development Index at 18 months. ii Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (Review)

MethodsLiterature search timeframe: The references cited in the previous guidelines [1] are not repeated here, except for some relevant publications, and only the previous guidelines are cited instead. All publications published after the previous guidelines (i.e., from January 2004 to December 2014), have been considered for the first draft of this manuscript. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), review articles, prospective studies and meta-analyses published in 2015 and 2016, during the revision process, have also been considered.Type of publications: Original papers, meta-analyses and reviews.

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