Comparative typing analyses of clinical and environmental strains of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Ivory Coast

Kassi, F.K.; Bellet, Virginie; Drakulovski, Pascal; Krasteva, Donika; Roger, Frédéric; Valérie, Bedia-Tanoh A.; Aboubakar, Touré; Doumbia, A.; Kouakou, G.; Delaporte, Eric; Reynes, Jacques; Yavo, William; Menan, Hervé; Bertout, Sébastien

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.000654

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To determine the molecular type, four primers designed for cloning LAC1 and a pair of primers for CAP64 [35, 36] were used in a slightly modified method as previously described [29, 30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

et al. 2019

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Genetic diversity analyses were performed by sero-genotyping and multi-locus sequence typing on 252 cryptococcal isolates from 13 HIV-positive Ivorian patients followed-up for cryptococcal meningitis. Antifungal susceptibility analyses were performed according to the CLSI M27A3 method. The majority (67.8%) of the isolates belonged to the Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A) species complex, with 93% being VNI and 7% being VNII. Cryptococcus deuterogattii VGII (serotype B) represented 16.7% of the strains, while C. neoformans/C. deneoformans VNIII (serotype AD) hybrids accounted for 15.1% of the strains. One strain (0.4%) was not identifiable. Nine different sequence types (STs 5, 6, 23, 40, 93, 207, 311, and a new ST; 555) were identified in the C. neoformans population, while the C. deuterogattii population comprised the single ST 173. The distribution of the strains showed that, while the majority of patients (9/13) harboured a single sequence type, 4 patients showed mixed infections. These patients experienced up to 4 shifts in strain content either at the species and/or ST level during their follow-up. This evolution of diversity over time led to the co-existence of up to 3 different Cryptococcus species and 4 different ST within the same individual during the course of infection. Susceptibility testing showed that all strains were susceptible to amphotericin B while 3.6% of them had a none-wild type phenotype to 5-flucytosine. Concerning fluconazole, 2.9% of C.neoformans serotype A strains and 2.4% of C. deuterogattii had also respectively a none-wild type phenotype to this molecule. All C. neoformans x C. deneoformans serotype AD hybrids had however a wild type phenotype to fluconazole. The present study showed that mixed infections exist and could be of particular importance for care outcomes. Indeed, (i) the different Cryptococcus species are known to exhibit different virulence and different susceptibility patterns to antifungal drugs and (ii) the strains genetic diversity within the samples may influence the susceptibility to antifungal treatment.

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“…To determine the molecular type, four primers designed for cloning LAC1 and a pair of primers for CAP64 [35, 36] were used in a slightly modified method as previously described [29, 30].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR-RFLP analyses were performed using the URA5 and SJ01 primers [29, 30]. The reaction conditions were as follows: initial denaturation (94°C, 2 minutes), 35 cycles of denaturation (94°C, 45 seconds), annealing (61°C, 1 minute) and extension (72°C, 2 minutes), and a final extension cycle (72°C for 10 minutes).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

et al. 2019

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“…Studies carried out worldwide have shown that the same cryptococcal genotypes are found in both patients and environmental sources from the same location [7,22,23]. When Ferreira et al [24] evaluated the genotypic diversity of environmental isolates occurring in Northern Portugal, they found that C. neoformans of the VNI genotype was common among environmental and clinical samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolated from native forest and river in Northern Brazil

et al. 2019

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Background Cryptococcosis is a global invasive mycosis associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the northern region of Brazil, this disease is caused by Cryptococcus neoformans genotype VNI and Cryptococcus gattii genotype VGII. However, few environmental studies have been conducted in this large tropical area. Aims This study was performed to isolate, genotype, and determine the frequency of cryptococcal agents in environmental samples near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Methods A total of 970 environmental samples (290 from soil, 290 from decaying plants, 5 from insects, 280 from the Negro river, and 105 from small streams within the city of Manaus) were collected and plated on Niger seed agar. In addition, 20 subcultures obtained from each positive sample were analyzed by PCR-RFLP (URA5) and PCR for genotyping and determination of mating type. Results Six samples were positive for isolates from the C. gattii species complex. Of those, three samples were from Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve and three were from the Negro river. All isolates were C. gattii genotype VGII (mating type MATα). Conclusion Genotype VGII proved to be the most important genotype found in the environmental samples. The genotype VGII has been described as one of the most virulent and less susceptible to antifungals and responsible for important outbreaks. This is the first study to demonstrate isolation of C. gattii (VGII) from the Negro river.

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“…Birds, especially pigeons, are considered as reservoirs of cryptococcal cells, and they account for the geographical spread of the fungus [103]. These birds re-introduce the cryptococcal cells into the environment by releasing their droppings into the soil [104].…”

Section: Ph Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency of the MATα suggests it may confer an environmental and clinical advantage. Genetic studies have also shown that clinical isolates are more diverse and include the isolation of the rare environmental mating-type, MATa [103,123,124].…”

Section: Tolerance To the Limitation Of Nutrients And Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Factors That Contribute to the Maintenance of Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis

et al. 2020

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The ability of microorganisms to colonise and display an intracellular lifestyle within a host body increases their fitness to survive and avoid extinction. This host–pathogen association drives microbial evolution, as such organisms are under selective pressure and can become more pathogenic. Some of these microorganisms can quickly spread through the environment via transmission. The non-transmittable fungal pathogens, such as Cryptococcus, probably return into the environment upon decomposition of the infected host. This review analyses whether re-entry of the pathogen into the environment causes restoration of its non-pathogenic state or whether environmental factors and parameters assist them in maintaining pathogenesis. Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans is therefore used as a model organism to evaluate the impact of environmental stress factors that aid the survival and pathogenesis of C. neoformans intracellularly and extracellularly.

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Comparative typing analyses of clinical and environmental strains of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex from Ivory Coast

Abstract: These results provide new information on the ecology and epidemiology of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex in Ivory Coast.

Cited by 16 publications

References 49 publications

Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

Cryptococcus genetic diversity and mixed infections in Ivorian HIV patients: A follow up study

Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolated from native forest and river in Northern Brazil

Environmental Factors That Contribute to the Maintenance of Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis

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