Environmental Factors That Contribute to the Maintenance of Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis

Maliehe, Maphori; Ntoi, Mathope A; Lahiri, Shayanki; Folorunso, Olufemi Samuel; Ogundeji, Adepemi O.; Pohl, Carolina H.; Sebolai, Olihile M.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8020180

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(190 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Pigeons and their droppings are the important reservoirs of this fungus, and dogs have been known to get infected through inhalation of the spores (Vorathavorn et al 2013). After establishment in the lungs, it spreads via the haematogenous route throughout the body (Maliehe et al 2020). Thus, cryptococcuria is often reported secondarily to systemic or disseminated infections in humans and cats (Chapman and Kirk 2008;Severo et al 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this case, pulmonary involvement by C. neoformans, along with weakness, emaciation, severe skin infection, and failure to report to the veterinary clinic immediately after urinary symptoms might have increased the disease severity and death. Disseminated cryptococcosis is often fatal, and cryptococcuria's, being an early indicator of dissemination, early diagnosis proves crucial to improve clinical outcomes (Severo et al 2011;Maliehe et al 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

First report of cryptococcuria in a bitch from India: a case report

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Cryptococcuria has not been reported in dogs although few cases have been described in humans and cats. Cryptococcuria is often seen as a manifestation of systemic or disseminated cryptococcosis. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial as systemic infections are usually fatal. To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first reported case of cryptococcuria in a bitch from India. Case presentation An 8-month-old bitch was presented with anorexia, urinary incontinence and dysuria for the last 10 days. Urinalysis showed the presence of yeast cells, and Cryptococcus neoformans was confirmed by both fungal culture and gene sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed resistance against ketoconazole, fluconazole and amphotericin B, while sensitivity towards itraconazole, voriconazole and terbinafine. Unfortunately, the bitch expired before the antifungal results were made available. Histopathological changes were observed in lungs which revealed several budding and encapsulated C. neoformans cells. Conclusion This report highlights the importance to conduct routine urine cultures for yeast infections along with antifungal susceptibility testing to identify and initiate proper antifungal therapy to improve clinical outcome.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First report of cryptococcuria in a bitch from India: a case report

2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In most eukaryotes, the two-component system is a multi-step phosphate transduction system [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] (Figure 3), usually consisting of a hybrid HPK, an intermediate transfer protein, and an RR. The structure and conduction pathway of the two-component system are different in various fungi.…”

Section: The Structure and Signal Transduction Of The Two-component Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The two-component signal transduction system and its regulation in Candida albicans

Liao

Chen

et al. 2021

Virulence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Candida albicans, which can cause superficial and life-threatening systemic infections, is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen in the human microbiome. The two-component system is one of the most important C. albicans signal transduction pathways, regulating the response to oxidative and osmotic stresses, adhesion, morphogenesis, cell wall synthesis, virulence, drug resistance, and the host-pathogen interactions. Notably, some components of this signaling pathway have not been found in the human genome, indicating that the two-component system of C. albicans can be a potential target for new antifungal agents. Here, we summarize the composition, signal transduction, and regulation of the two-component system of C. albicans to emphasize its essential roles in the pathogenesis of C. albicans and the new therapeutic target for antifungal drugs.

show abstract

“…Cryptococcus neoformans is omnipresent in the environment and frequently found in soil contaminated with bird droppings. An outlet for the cryptococcal cells to return to the environment is through the decay of an infected host or host body part [5]. The yeast is then inhaled into the human host to initiate infection.…”

Section: Environmental Effects On Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Desiccated yeasts or spores from the environment can be inhaled into the host, and if not cleared can result in Cryptococcosis. In an immunocompromised host, unable to adequately clear the fungus, it can disseminate to the central nervous system, resulting in life-threatening meningitis [5]. This fungus produces several virulence factors that aid in its pathogenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Environmental Effects on Virulence Factors and the Antifungal Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans

Momin

Webb

2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen responsible for fungal meningoencephalitis primarily in immunocompromised individuals. It has become evident the pathogenicity of C. neoformans is dependent on the fungal cell’s environment. The differential expression of virulence factors, based on the cell’s environmental conditions, is one mechanism allowing for the environmental control of the pathogenic ability of C. neoformans. Here, we discuss how these virulence factors (including melanin, the polysaccharide capsule, and Antiphagocytic protein 1) have been shown to be differentially expressed dependent on the cell’s environment. The genetics and signaling pathways leading to the environmental-dependent regulation of virulence factors will also be examined. Susceptibility to antifungal therapeutics is also regulated by the environment, and thus affects the pathogenic abilities of C. neoformans and disease outcomes. This review will also examine the role of the C. neoformans’s environment on antifungal susceptibilities, and the genetics and signaling pathways responsible for these susceptibility alterations. By examining the complex interplay between the environment and the pathogenicity of C. neoformans, we have a better understanding of the intricacies of the pathogen–environment interaction and how to exploit this interaction to develop the most effective treatment protocols.

show abstract

Environmental Factors That Contribute to the Maintenance of Cryptococcus neoformans Pathogenesis

Cited by 19 publications

References 157 publications

First report of cryptococcuria in a bitch from India: a case report

First report of cryptococcuria in a bitch from India: a case report

The two-component signal transduction system and its regulation in Candida albicans

The Environmental Effects on Virulence Factors and the Antifungal Susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About