Comparative toxicities of selected compounds to nauplii of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin and Artemia sp.

Sasikumar, N.; Clare, Anthony S.; Gerhart, Donald J.; Stover, Diane E.; Rittschof, Dan

doi:10.1007/bf00197443

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In the present study, the 24 h LC 50 for mortality and the EC 50 for attachment for the same species was found to be 25 and 22 mg TBT l 71 , respectively. Although it is difficult to compare these results due to different assay conditions and exposure durations, they are consistent in showing that the cyprids of B. amphitrite are much more tolerant of TBT than its stage II nauplii, as the latter have a much lower 24 h LC 50 (0.71 mg TBTO l 71 , Liberatore et al 1977; 2 mg TBTCl l 71 , Sasikumar et al 1995). This implies that, when AF paints release TBT at a rate that can prevent cyprid attachment, the leachate must have adverse effects on barnacle nauplii, as well as many non-target organisms, such as neogastropods, which may develop imposex and become infertile at 4 ng TBT l 71 (Gibbs et al 1988), and bivalves, whose embryonic and larval development may become abnormal at 1.3 mg TBT l 71 (His et al 1983;Roberts 1987).…”

Section: Biofouling 263supporting

confidence: 53%

An improved barnacle attachment inhibition assay

2008

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The Balanus amphitrite attachment inhibition assay, developed by Rittschof et al. (1992), has been widely used for screening antifouling compounds. One shortcoming of this assay, however, is the low (often < 40%) attachment rate of cyprids, including in the controls that contain seawater only. In this study, trapping of cyprids at the air-water interface was found to be a main contributor to the low attachment rate. Procedures to eliminate the air-water interface were thus introduced. With the improved bioassay, a much higher cyprid attachment rate (>70%) was attained. To further illustrate the usefulness of the improved assay (ie eliminating the air-water interface), the effects of the length of cyprid storage and the effect of a reference biocide, tributyltin chloride, on the survival and attachment rate of the cyprids were examined. The length of cyprid storage was important, with newly molted cyprids, 3- to 9-day old cyprids and 12-day old cyprids having an attachment rate of 43%,>75% and 36%, respectively. The low attachment rate in the newly molted cyprids was due to a high percentage of cyprids that still swam at the end of exposure period, whereas the low attachment rate in the 12-day old cyprids was due to a high mortality rate. The cyprids showed an EC50 of 22 microg l(-1) for attachment inhibition and LC50 of 25 microg l(-1) for mortality. It is concluded that the air-water interface has an important confounding effect on cyprid attachment rate in the conventional B. amphitrite attachment assay. By eliminating the air-water interface more robust quantitative assay results were obtained.

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Section: Biofouling 263supporting

confidence: 53%

An improved barnacle attachment inhibition assay

2008

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“…Similarly, the prolongation of larval development due to exposure to low salinity during embryonic development could increase the likelihood of being preyed on or misrouted to an unfavorable habitat. Since the larvae have often been used in settlement or toxicity assays (Rittschof et al 1984, 1986, Holmstrom et al 1992, Clare et al 1994, Kon et al 1995, Sasikumar et al 1995, when obtaining the larvae for bioassays, care should be taken to avoid using adults collected from, or cultured in, low salinity environments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tolerance of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite to salinity and temperature stress:effects of previous experience

Qiu¹,

Qian²

1999

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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We conducted 4 experiments to study the effects of salinity and temperature on the barnacle Balanus amphtrite amphitrite Darwin, with particular focus on the effects of stress experienced in one life-stage on the performance of the next Life-stage. At 1S0C, typical winter water temperature in Hong Kong, larvae exlubited low survivorship, adults molted infrequently, and only a low percentage of in&viduals had developing ovaries and embryos However, at 30°C, typical summertime temperature in Hong Kong, larvae developed rapidly, survivorshp was h g h , adults molted frequently, and a high percentage of individuals had developing ovanes and embryos. These results suggest that low winter temperature may be a limiting factor responsible for cessation of recruitment, whereas high summer temperature is unlikely to be the cause for the dechne in recruitment. Salinity produced significant detrimental effects on both survival and development at 510%. In the 15 to 35% S range, however, none of the stages tested exhibited signs of stress. Salinity is a limiting factor for the survival and development of B. a. amphrh.te in Hong Kong only during mid-summer when salinity in the surface water can drop to below look. Exposing embryos to different salinities produced differential effects on larvae. For larvae cultured at 10% S, both survivorship and time of development were independent of the sahnity that the embryos had experienced; for larvae cultured at 15 and 35%0 S, exposing embryos to 10% S led to lower larval survivorship and longer larval development times. Exposing cypris larvae to 10% S did not alter juvenile growth but did result in lower survivorship. Osmotic stress experienced in one life-stage can be passed over to the next life-stage. In bioassays involving the use of B. a.amphitrite, results of the tested life-stage may be affected by stress experienced in a previous lifestage.

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“…By using artificial seawater and sibling barnacles, the reproducibility of the assay may be improved (Sasikumar et al, 1995). However, because genetic and other variability in larval settlement responses do occur under natural conditions, it can be argued that exclusion of such variability by selection of sibling barnacles for assays is counter-productive if the aim is to screen for broad spectrum antifouling chemicals.…”

Section: Inter-batch Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Repetitive testing of TBTO, sea‐nine 211 and farnesol usingBalanus amphitrite(Darwin) cypris larvae: Variability in larval sensitivity

Willemsen

Overbeke²,

Suurmond³

1998

Biofouling

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Repetitive testing of TBTO, sea-nine 211 and farnesol using Balanus amphitrite (Darwin) cypris larvae: Variability in larval sensitivity, Biofouling, 12:1-3, 133-147, Settlement inhibition assays with mass cultured cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite are widely used in (anti)fouling research. In this study, TBTO, Sea-Nine 211 and farnesol were tested repeatedly using multiple batches of larvae to study variability in larval sensitivity. There were significant differences in EC 50 values among batches of cyprids of the same age and a maximum three-fold difference between EC 50 values. Larval sensitivity did not change significantly when culture duration was longer than normal (5 or 6d instead of 4d). The effect of the 3 compounds on settlement was independent of cyprid age. Notwithstanding the variability encountered, the assay is suitable for screening purposes, but for a more precise comparison of antisettlement activity improved reproducibility is desirable, which might be achieved using artificial seawater, sibling barnacles and including an internal reference in the assay.

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Comparative toxicities of selected compounds to nauplii of Balanus amphitrite amphitrite Darwin and Artemia sp.

Cited by 12 publications

References 3 publications

An improved barnacle attachment inhibition assay

An improved barnacle attachment inhibition assay

Tolerance of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite amphitrite to salinity and temperature stress:effects of previous experience

Repetitive testing of TBTO, sea‐nine 211 and farnesol usingBalanus amphitrite(Darwin) cypris larvae: Variability in larval sensitivity

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