Repetitive testing of TBTO, sea‐nine 211 and farnesol using<i>Balanus amphitrite</i>(Darwin) cypris larvae: Variability in larval sensitivity

Willemsen, Peter R.; Overbeke, Koos; Suurmond, Anton

doi:10.1080/08927019809378350

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In conclusion, researchers using in vitro settlement assays with B. amphitrite cyprids need to consider the environmental conditions of the brood stock culture and assay (Anil et al, 1995(Anil et al, , 2001Anil & Kurian, 1996), brood stock age (Crisp, 1988), cyprid age and physiological condition (Pechenik et al, 1993;Satuito et al, 1996;Miron et al, 2000;Harder et al, 2001a,b), food quality (Pechenik et al, 1993;Hentschel & Emlet, 2000), and maternal effects (Holm et al, 2000), all of which lead to an interbrood variability in settlement (Willemsen et al, 1998). In addition, as this study has shown, the size of the settlement container and the number of larvae introduced will all have a profound effect on the outcome of the experiment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effect of Gregariousness in Cyprid Settlement Assays

Head¹,

Overbeke²,

Klijnstra³

et al. 2003

Biofouling

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The in vitro settlement assay using cyprids of Balanus. amphitrite is an important tool in basic and applied research. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of gregariousness within these assays, and to determine the interaction between gregariousness and container size, and settlement promoters and inhibitors. Assays with 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 cyprids in containers with a log range of surface area to volume ratios were conducted in a fully factorial design. Assays with the same range of cyprid numbers and six concentrations of the settlement promoter 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) or the inhibitor phloroglucinol were also conducted in a fully factorial design. Percentage settlement was analysed by GLM ANOVA. Significant (p < 0.05) gregarious effects were detected at > or = 5 cyprids in a well. Surface area:volume ratio had a strong effect on cyprid settlement, but this effect could be masked by overcrowding in very small wells. Gregarious interactions between only five cyprids magnified the effect of IBMX by a factor of 10, whereas phloroglucinol had no effect without gregarious interactions. The cyprid settlement bioassay is a valuable tool for basic and applied research but must be used with care.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Effect of Gregariousness in Cyprid Settlement Assays

Head¹,

Overbeke²,

Klijnstra³

et al. 2003

Biofouling

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“…The naupliar larvae were fed with an algal mixture 1:1 v/v of Tetraselmis suecica and Chaetoceros muelleri (CSIRO Microalgae Research Centre, Australia) at a density of $5 Â 10 5 ml À1 , and reared at 25°C. Nauplii metamorphosed into cyprids in 5 days and cyprids were aged for 2 days at 4-6°C prior to settlement assays (Willemsen et al 1998).…”

Section: Cyprid Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

A novel geometry for a laboratory-based larval settlement assay

et al. 2013

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A novel configuration, consisting of two apposing surfaces bounding a vertical water column, is presented and evaluated for settlement assays using cyprids of Balanus amphitrite. Assays were conducted on planar surfaces, ranging from hydrophobic polystyrene to hydrophilic glass and including CH(3)- and NH(3) (+)-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Identical apposing surfaces generated settlement rates comparable to those obtained in prior studies, while a choice assay yielded consistent results, with individual replicates each indicating the preferred surface for settlement. As gravity favours contact with the lower apposing surface, cyprids trapped at the air/water interface settled on or around the perimeter where the water column meets the lower substratum. These cyprids are capable of selecting a settlement location and are thus not lost to the assay. The assay geometry lends itself to assessing cyprid exploration and settlement on planar surfaces with chemical patterning, including relief microstructures, without using a confining material or requiring the coating of a three-dimensional well.

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“…Effects of CuPT on the cypris, or settlement stage, of the barnacle may be more important as this stage directly encounters painted surfaces that would be leaching the antifoulant. In laboratory assays inhibition of settlement of barnacles by the biocides tributyltin and Sea-Nine 211 varied 3-fold among Biofouling 345 batches of cypris larvae (Willemsen et al 1998). Variation in toxicity of antifoulants among nauplii, and variation in settlement inhibition among cypris larvae, may arise from the same mechanism(s).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Variation in toxicity of copper pyrithione among populations and families of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite

et al. 2010

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Inter- and intra-population variation in the toxicity of the antifouling biocide copper pyrithione (CuPT) was examined for nauplius larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Nauplii were collected from brooding adults from four sites within the Newport River estuary (NC), chosen based on an initial estimation of recent and historical human activities that affect local contamination levels. Each site was characterized for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and for the frequency of gastropod imposex, an indicator of contamination by organotins. Sensitivity of nauplii to CuPT varied significantly across the sites/populations, with LC(50) values ranging from 4.0 microg l(-1) to 6.1 microg l(-1). Larvae from the most contaminated site were the most sensitive to CuPT. Intrapopulation variation in toxicity was investigated by exposing nauplius larvae from 15 maternal families to a fixed concentration of CuPT (6.1 microg l(-1)). Variation in larval mortality among the families was significant, ranging from 15.1% to 98.9%.

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Repetitive testing of TBTO, sea‐nine 211 and farnesol usingBalanus amphitrite(Darwin) cypris larvae: Variability in larval sensitivity

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

The Effect of Gregariousness in Cyprid Settlement Assays

The Effect of Gregariousness in Cyprid Settlement Assays

A novel geometry for a laboratory-based larval settlement assay

Variation in toxicity of copper pyrithione among populations and families of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite

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