Comparative susceptibility of Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the northern state of India to coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil

Bisht, Nisha; Kumar, Sachin; Sharma, Anil Kumar; Nandi, Abhijit; Singh, Kaushlendra; Fular, Ashutosh; Nagar, Gaurav; Ghosh, Srikant

doi:10.1007/s11250-021-02886-x

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…VGSC serves as the target site for pyrethroid acaricides, and mutations in this gene lead to structural changes in the sodium channel proteins, reducing the interaction between pyrethroids and their target, thereby diminishing the ticks’ sensitivity to these acaricides [ 16 ]. The most common mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance, C190A, occurs in the domain II S4-5 linker region of R. microplus [ 12 , 17 ]. Other mutations in the domain II S4-5 linker region, such as G215T, T170C, G184C, and C148T, have also been identified [ 18 – 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China

Jiang,

Xie,

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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Abstract Background Pyrethroid chemicals are one of the main acaricides used against ticks. Resistance to these chemicals has been reported to be associated with mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene of the Rhipicephalus microplus. This study investigates R. microplus resistance to pyrethroids in Guangxi region of China, marking one of the first research efforts in this area. The findings are intended to provide vital baseline for the effective implementation of localized tick control strategies. Methods From March to July 2021, 447 R. microplus tick samples were collected from five prefecture-level cities in Guangxi. Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) was used to amplify segments C190A and G215T of the domain II S4-5 linker and T2134A of domain III S6 in the VGSC, to detect nucleotide mutations associated with resistance to pyrethroid acaricides. Subsequent analyses were conducted to ascertain the prevalence, types of mutations, and genotypic distributions within the sampled populations. Results Mutations within VGSC gene were identified across all five studied populations of R. microplus, although the mutation rates remained generally low. Specifically, the most prevalent mutation was C190A, observed in 4.9% of the samples (22/447), followed by G215T at 4.0% (18/447), and T2134A at 1.3% (6/447). The distribution of mutations across three critical sites of the VGSC gene revealed four distinct mutation types: C190A, G215T, C190A + G215T, and T2134A. Notably, the single mutation C190A had the highest mutation frequency, accounting for 4.3%, and the C190A + G215T combination had the lowest, at only 0.7%. The analysis further identified seven genotypic combinations, with the wild-type combination C/C + G/G + T/T predominating at a frequency of 90.4%. Subsequently, the C/A + G/G + T/T combination was observed at a frequency of 4.3%, whereas the C/C + T/T + T/T combination exhibited the lowest frequency (0.2%). Additionally, no instances of simultaneous mutations at all three sites were detected. Geographical differences in mutation types were apparent. Both samples from Hechi to Chongzuo cities exhibited the same three mutation types; however, C190A was the most prevalent in Hechi, while G215T dominated in Chongzuo. In contrast, samples from Beihai to Guilin each exhibited only one mutation type: G215T occurred in 12.5% (4/32) of Beihai samples, and C190A in 7.5% (4/53) of Guilin samples. Conclusions These findings underscore the relatively low frequency of VGSC gene mutations in R. microplus associated with pyrethroid resistance in the Guangxi, China. Moreover, the variation in mutation types and genotypic distributions across different locales highlights the need for regionalized strategies in monitoring and managing pyrethroid resistance in tick populations. This molecular surveillance is crucial for informing targeted control measures and mitigating the risk of widespread resistance emergence. Graphical Abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China

Jiang,

Xie,

et al. 2024

Parasites Vectors

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“…As mentioned in Table 2 , five non-synonymous SNPs (T2134A, T2134C, G215T, C190A, and T170C) exhibited a reliable association with resistance to pyrethroids [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 80 , 81 ]. In India, mutation at nucleotide position 190, where CTC changes to ATC in the domain II S4-5 linker region, was reported [ 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 ]. Identification of the specific changes in proteins and their effects was a breakthrough observation in the resistance characterization study of R. microplus against SP compounds.…”

Section: Diversity In Sodium Channel Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus for a Global Scenario: A Comprehensive Review

Sankar,

Kumar,

Manjunathachar

et al. 2024

Pathogens

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Rhipicephalus microplus poses a substantial threat to livestock health and agricultural economies worldwide. Its remarkable adaptability to diverse environments and hosts is a testament to its extensive genetic diversity. This review delves into the genetic diversity of R. microplus, employing three pivotal genetic markers: the cytochrome c oxidase I (COX1) gene, ribosomal genes, and microsatellites. The COX1 gene, a crucial tool for genetic characterization and phylogenetic clustering, provides insights into the adaptability of ticks. Ribosomal genes, such as internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS-1 and2) as well as 18S and 28S, are routinely utilized for species differentiation. However, their use is limited due to indels (insertions and deletions). Microsatellites and minisatellites, known for their high polymorphism, have been successfully employed to study populations and genetic diversity across various tick species. Despite their effectiveness, challenges such as null alleles and marker variations warrant careful consideration. Bm86, a well-studied vaccine candidate, exhibits substantial genetic diversity. This diversity directly influences vaccine efficacy, posing challenges for developing a universally effective Bm86-based vaccine. Moreover, the review emphasizes the prevalence of genes associated with synthetic pyrethroid resistance. Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms in the acaricide-resistant genes of R. microplus has facilitated the development of molecular markers for detecting and monitoring resistance against synthetic pyrethroids. However, mutations in sodium channels, the target site for synthetic pyrethroid, correlate well with the resistance status of R. microplus, which is not the case with other acaricide target genes. This study underscores the importance of understanding genetic diversity in developing effective tick management strategies. The choice of genetic marker should be tailored based on the level of taxonomic resolution and the group of ticks under investigation. A holistic approach combining multiple markers and integrating additional molecular and morphological data may offer a more comprehensive understanding of tick diversity and relationships. This research has far-reaching implications in formulating breeding programs and the development of vaccine against ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDs) as well as strategies for the management of resistant ticks.

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“…The chemical acaricides are extensively used for the management of ticks and tick borne diseases in tropical and subtropical countries as a short term measure. However, continuous use of chemical acaricides has led to the development of acaricide resistant tick populations throughout India (Sharma et al, 2012;Kumar et al, 2020;Bisht et al, 2021;Fular et al, 2021 andShakya et al, 2022), toxic residues in livestock products and environmental pollution (Vudriko et al, 2016 andChoudhary et al, 2018). Keeping this in view, the current situation in India demands a development and promoting affordable, easily available, non-toxic, eco-friendly, effective and safe acaricide formulation for implementation of effective tick control strategies (Solomon et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-vivo Acaricidal Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta Indica Leaves in Cattle

Hatzade

Waghmare

Bhikane

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The 70% (v/v) aqueous extract of A. indica leaves evaluated for its efficacy against cattle ticks. The group T1 and T2 were treated with 70% aqueous extract of A. indica leaves topically once in a day and twice at 24 hrs interval, respectively. The tick count in 10x10 cm areas on different regions of animal body was carried out on ‘0’ day (before treatment) and 24 hrs, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 28th day after treatment. The per cent efficacy of extract was evaluated on the basis of reduction in tick count with in the observed area on the treated animals. The average tick count in T1 and T2 group was 55.80 ± 11.29, 49.90 ± 11.08, 35.40 ± 7.95, 24.00 ± 5.74, 17.90 ± 7.35, 11.70 ± 2.87 and 107.60 ± 28.12, 97.00 ± 27.85, 83.30 ± 29.75, 70.30 ± 30.51, 62.70 ± 32.97, 18.80 ± 5.05 on day 0 (pre-treatment), 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28, respectively. The tick count was progressively reduced with increase in per cent efficacy after treatment at various intervals in both the groups. The statistical analysis revealed significant variation between different intervals in group T1 with significant reduction in tick count from 7th day (24.00 ± 5.74), 14th day (17.90 ± 7.35) and 28th day (11.70 ± 2.87) post treatment as compared to pre-treatment tick count (55.80 ± 11.29). In T2 group, the average tick count was found non-significant at various treatment intervals, however, it was markedly reduced on 28th day (18.80 ± 5.05) after treatment as compared to pre-treatment tick count (107.60 ± 28.12). Per cent efficacy was higher in T2 group (82.53%) than T1 group (79.03%) on 28th day after treatment. The reduction in tick count might be due to the most prominent phytoconstituent azadirachtin present in A. indica leaves. Clinical parameters in all the animals were within normal reference range at various treatment intervals in both the groups. The skin coat becomes smooth and shiny after treatment from 14th day with reduction in tick burden.

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Comparative susceptibility of Rhipicephalus microplus collected from the northern state of India to coumaphos, malathion, deltamethrin, ivermectin, and fipronil

Cited by 11 publications

References 46 publications

Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China

Molecular assessment of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene mutations in Rhipicephalus microplus from Guangxi, China

Genetic Diversity of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus for a Global Scenario: A Comprehensive Review

In-vivo Acaricidal Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Azadirachta Indica Leaves in Cattle

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