Comparative study on chemical components and anti‐inflammatory effects of Panax notoginseng flower extracted by water and methanol

Abstract

Methanol and water are commonly used solvents for chemical analysis and traditional decoction, respectively. In the present study, a high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection method was developed to quantify 11 saponins in Panax notoginseng flower extracted by aqueous solution and methanol, and chemical components and anti-inflammatory effects of these two extracts were compared. The separation of 11 saponins, including notoginsenoside Fc and ginsenoside Rc, was well achieved on a Zorbax SB C18 column. This developed method provides an adequate linearity (r > 0.999), repeatability (RSD < 4.26%), inter- and intraday variations (RSD < 3.20%) with recovery (94.7-104.1%) of 11 saponins concerned. Our data indicated that ginsenoside biotransformation in PNF was found, when water was used as the extraction solvent, but not methanol. Specifically, the major components of Panax notoginseng flower, ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd, can be near completely transformed to the minor components, gypenoside XVII, notoginsenoside Fe, ginsenoside Rd2, notoginsenoside Fd, and ginsenoside F2, respectively. Total protein isolated from Panax notoginseng flower is responsible for this ginsenoside biotransformation. Additionally, methanol extract exerted the stronger anti-inflammatory effects than water extract in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. This difference in anti-inflammatory action might be attributed to their chemical difference of saponins.

Identification and quantitative investigation of the effects of intestinal microflora on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of notoginsenoside Fc assayed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

“…Most of the products have high bioavailability and bioactivity. Moreover, previous studies suggest that intestinal microflora produce different types of glycosidases, which dominate the hydrolysis of ginsenosides . In the present study, the biotransformation of Fc was studied in the gut microflora and seven deglycosylation products were detected.…”

“…To further verify the influence of intestinal microbiota on Fc metabolism, the metabolites of Fc were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in a systematic manner. In normal rats, Fc was metabolized to ten deglycosylate metabolites via stepwise deglycosylation . After administration of the antibiotic cocktail in rats for 6 days, the activities of xylosidase and glucosaccharase in the antibiotic‐treated rats was decreased by 80 and 60% for the normal rats, respectively, and deglycosylation of Fc was drastically abrogated.…”

Method development for the certification of a ginsenoside calibration solution via liquid chromatography with absorbance and mass spectrometric detection

“…The ginsenosides were separated with a flow rate of 0.75 mL/min, column temperature of 23 °C, and mobile phase gradient with the following conditions: isocratic elution for 18 % ACN for 18 min, increased to 33 % ACN over 38 min, and held for 9 min. Similar approaches have been reported that require lengthy separation times [17,18].…”

Notoginsenoside Fc Accelerates Reendothelialization following Vascular Injury in Diabetic Rats by Promoting Endothelial Cell Autophagy

“…Dammarane-type triterpene saponins, including ginsenosides and notoginsenosides, contributed to the abovementioned pharmacological effects, and these saponins can be divided into PPD and protopanaxatriol (PPT) types based on their aglycone skeleton [9]. It has been demonstrated that Fc exhibits various pharmacological activities as a folk medicine or dietary supplement [10, 11]. However, little information regarding the effects of Fc on reendothelialization and the underlying mechanism is available.…”