Comparative Study of Three Two-Stage Hybrid Ecological Wastewater Treatment Systems for Producing High Nutrient, Reclaimed Water for Irrigation Reuse in Developing Countries

Abstract

In this study, three different two-stage hybrid ecological wastewater treatment systems (HEWTS) with combinations of horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetlands (CWs), vertical flow (VF) CWs and stabilization ponds (SP) were evaluated for the removal of Organic-N, NH 4 + , NO 3 − , Total N, Total P, Total Coliforms (TCol) and Escherichia Coli, BOD, COD and TSS. The overall goal of the study was novel in comparison to most other studies in that we sought to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the three HEWTSs for water quality improvements, while minimizing nutrient removal from the wastewater in order to generate high quality reclaimed water for reuse for irrigation of crops. The most effective systems were those systems containing a vertical flow component, either HF-VF or VF-HF. In these two HEWTS, NH 4 + was reduced by 85.5% and 85.0% respectively, while NO 3 − was increased to 91.4 ± 17.6 mg/L and to 82.5 ± 17.2 mg/L, respectively, an artifact of nitrification. At the same time, E. coli was reduced by 99.93% and 99.99%, respectively. While the goal of most wastewater treatment is focused on reducing nutrients, the results here demonstrate that two-stage HEWTSs containing VF components can be used to produce a high quality effluent while retaining inorganic nutrients, thereby conserving this valuable resource for reuse as irrigation water for agriculture in subtropical developing countries where water and fertilizer resources are scarce or expensive.

Effect of Substrate, Feeding Mode and Number of Stages on the Performance of Hybrid Constructed Wetland Systems

“…This way, flooding-drainage periods are alternated and the substrate aeration and biomass contact with the influent are optimized. Consequently, high performance regarding organic matter, nitrification and bacteria can be obtained [34]. Nonetheless, the continuous feeding of VFs can also provide remarkable results [9].…”

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse: Past, Present, and Future

“…In these systems, NH4 + N was reduced by 85.5% and 85.0% respectively, while NO3 − was increased to 91.4 ± 17.6 mg/L and to 82.5 ± 17.2 mg/L, respectively. At the same time, E. coli was reduced by 99.93% and 99.99%, respectively [16]. While the goal of most wastewater treatment systems is focused on reducing nutrients, the results here demonstrate that two-stage HEWTSs systems, including VF component can be produced an effluent with high concentration of inorganic nutrients, thus suitable for agricultural irrigation.…”

“…In these systems combinations of horizontal and flow (HF and VF) of constructed wetlands (CWs) and stabilization ponds (SP) were evaluated for the removal of Organic-N, NH4 + N, NO3 − N, total N, total P, total Coliforms (TC) and Escherichia Coli, BOD, COD, and TSS [16]. The most effective systems were those systems containing a VF component, either HF-VF or VF-HF.…”

Selecting a Sustainable Disinfection Technique for Wastewater Reuse Projects

“…Photochemical reactions induced by natural light have been known for some time. Maturation ponds, and more recently, constructed wetlands, are shown as natural systems to take into consideration disinfection of treated wastewater for reuse in many special cases [32]. These systems have proven to be efficient at removing not only the conventional water quality parameters but also to have great potential for the elimination of emerging organic contaminants [33,34].…”