Comparative study of the physicochemical properties of six clinical low molecular weight gadolinium contrast agents

Abstract

This paper compares the physicochemical properties of six low molecular weight clinical complexes of gadolinium studied under identical experimental conditions. Magnevist, Dotarem, Omniscan, ProHance, MultiHance and Gadovist were investigated by oxygen-17 relaxometry at different temperatures and by proton relaxometry at various magnetic fields, temperatures and media [pure water, zinc(II)-containing aqueous solutions and HSA-containing solutions]. Osmolality, viscosity and stability versus transmetallation by zinc(II) ions were added for a more comprehensive description. The relaxivities of the clinical formulations as measured in water are similar in the imaging magnetic field region, with a slightly better performance for MultiHance. This can be explained by a shorter distance between the hydrogen nuclei of the water molecule bound to the Gd(3+) ion and this paramagnetic centre. In contrast to the open-chain complexes, all macrocyclic systems (Dotarem, ProHance and Gadovist) are insensitive to transmetallation by zinc ions. The stability of the open-chain complexes with respect to transmetallation depends on the chemical structure of the ligand, with a better stability for MultiHance. The presence of human serum albumin has no significant effect on the proton relaxivity of Magnevist, Dotarem, Omniscan, ProHance and Gadovist but markedly increases the relaxivity of MultiHance because of a non-covalent interaction with the protein. As a result, the relaxivity of MultiHance in HSA-containing media of fixed concentration decreases with increasing concentration of the contrast agent.

Optimized Relaxivity and Stability of [Gd(H(2,2)-1,2-HOPO)(H2O)]- for Use as an MRI Contrast Agent1

“…Relaxivities of [Gd(1)] − are very high compared to commercial MRI-CA. 6 The low field relaxivity r 1p 15 as a small, monohydrated (q = 1) complex, can be rationalized by fitting the NMRD profiles to equations for inner-and outer spheres paramagnetic relaxation (Table 1). 7 The predominant contribution arises from a longer rotational correlation time, τ R , about twice that of [Gd(DOTA)(H 2 O)] − .…”

Gadolinium‐based contrast agents and NSF: Evidence from animal experience

“…The researchers used human serum at 37 C, either with average phosphate levels or with elevated phosphate levels as seen in ESRD patients (3). With regard to in vitro Gd 3þ release rates, the GBCAs may be divided into three classes (14,45). The nonionic linear GBCAs showed the highest Gd 3þ release during the observation period (Fig.…”

Multiple‐bolus dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI in the pancreas during a glucose challenge

“…Each dynamic series of T 1 -weighted images was converted to a dynamic series of T 1 maps using the baseline T 1 to calibrate the change in signal intensity using the standard equation for the signal intensity in a spoiled gradient echo sequence (6). The concentration of contrast agent was then determined from the change in T 1 from baseline assuming a longitudinal relaxivity of 4.5 s À1 mM À1 for gadodiamide (7).…”