Gadolinium‐based contrast agents and NSF: Evidence from animal experience

Sieber, Martin; Steger‐Hartmann, Thomas; Lengsfeld, Philipp; Pietsch, Hubertus

doi:10.1002/jmri.21971

Cited by 88 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…The exact pathophysiology of NSF has not been fully delineated but several possible triggers of skin lesion formation have been proposed. These include accumulation of the intact Gd(L) complex, the depletion of endogenous metal ions by the ligand released from the complex and the toxicity associated with the released free Gd 3+ [288,312,313]. However, the detection of Gd 3+ in skin lesions of NSF patients combined with the link between NSF and MRI contrast agents with low kinetic inertness strongly suggest that NSF is triggered by free Gd 3+ .…”

Section: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (Nsf)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Stability and Toxicity of Contrast Agents

Brücher

Tircsó

Baranyai

et al. 2013

The Chemistry of Contrast Agents in Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) derives directly from the phenomenon of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR [1][2][3][4]), which is widely used by chemists to determine molecular structure. The word "nuclear" was dropped in the switch to imaging to avoid alarming patients as NMR has nothing to do with radioactivity. This book is intended mainly for chemists, who are generally familiar with the NMR spectra. After a brief overview of the technique explaining the notion of relaxation time and saturation transfer used in MRI, we will describe localization techniques, which are less well-known in chemistry. The purpose of this short chapter is not to provide a complete theory of MRI [5][6][7][8], but to understand the rest of the book concerning the action of contrast agents. We will not go into the theoretical background of the phenomena, and while it is important to have some understanding of quantum mechanics, it is not our purpose to develop this aspect. This is a "nuts and bolts" description of MRI. Whenever possible, we refer to chemists' knowledge of NMR (for example, "2D NMR"). Theoretical basis of NMR Short description of NMRIn most cases, MRI focuses on one type of atomic nucleus, that of hydrogen in H 2 O. We will therefore only use this nucleus, termed the " 1 H proton."The physical phenomenon of NMR lies at the boundary between "conventional" and "quantum" treatment due to the small transition energies involved. Traditionally, the 1 H proton can be considered as a charged

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Section: Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (Nsf)mentioning

confidence: 93%

Stability and Toxicity of Contrast Agents

Brücher

Tircsó

Baranyai

et al. 2013

The Chemistry of Contrast Agents in Medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…The end result is gadolinium ions being released into the human body. Even though the pathophysiology of NSF is not fully understood, studies suggest that free gadolinium ions rather than the GBCA chelate led to the development of NSF [11]. The greater number of unconfounded NSF cases (i.e., cases where only one GBCA has been administered) with linear rather than macrocyclic GBCAs support this theory.…”

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confidence: 54%

MR Contrast Agent Safety in the Age of Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis: Update 2014

et al. 2014

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Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NFS) is a potentially fatal disease that is linked to the administration of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCA). As the associated risk factors have been identified and countermeasures taken, NSF has become a rarity. However, there is ongoing research to better understand its pathogenesis and studies on the safety of different GBCA in the context of NSF are carried on. This article aims to provide a brief review of the topic of NSF and to summarize recent developments and literature publications within the last year.

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“…Up to now, the most extensively used contrast agents are Gd(III)-based complexes [67]. Although some studies show the extraordinarily high MRI relaxivities of gadolinium nanoscale metal-organic frameworks [68], the main problem with these systems is the toxicity of leached Gd(III) [69][70][71][72]. An alternative comes from the use of manganese-containing nanoparticles, which offer comparable relaxivities to gadolinium coordination complexes.…”

Section: Bioimagingmentioning

confidence: 99%