Comparative study of royal jelly, propolis, and photobiomodulation therapies in 5-fluorouracil-related oral mucositis in rats

Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Safety of Propolis for the Management of Oral Mucositis: A Systematic Review

“…OMI scores and markers of pro-inflammatory mediator appeared to be highest in the group that received radiotherapy [28]. It was reported that systemic propolis administration in animals tried to show effectiveness in significantly lowering OMI scores in the group of rats who received radiotherapy, [28] speeding up tissue healing/repair, reducing inflammation, and wound closure in chemotherapy-induced cases of OM, [29] and may decrease the pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α in the oral mucositis cycle [28]. It was also found that there was an increase in the activity of inflammatory process regulators, i.e., immunoexpression of pS6, pAKT, and NFkappaB in animals treated with propolis compared to the use of royal jelly and PBMT [29].…”

“…It was reported that systemic propolis administration in animals tried to show effectiveness in significantly lowering OMI scores in the group of rats who received radiotherapy, [28] speeding up tissue healing/repair, reducing inflammation, and wound closure in chemotherapy-induced cases of OM, [29] and may decrease the pro-inflammatory mediator TNF-α in the oral mucositis cycle [28]. It was also found that there was an increase in the activity of inflammatory process regulators, i.e., immunoexpression of pS6, pAKT, and NFkappaB in animals treated with propolis compared to the use of royal jelly and PBMT [29]. This is in line with research conducted by Tamfu et al, which states that propolis can inhibit the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) because it has the potential as an anti-inflammatory drug agent and antioxidant [11].…”

“…The article consists of several study designs namely Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT), Preliminary study and in vivo study. The study was conducted in Iran [16,17,20,27] Italy, [6,18] Brazil, [19,29] and Turkey [28]. The number of study subjects consisted of 26 to 104 oral mucositis patients for each article with equal comparison control.…”

“…The number of study subjects consisted of 26 to 104 oral mucositis patients for each article with equal comparison control. Propolis preparations used in the study include mouthwash, [16,17,27] solution, [18,28] tablets, [6,20] and gel [19,29].…”

“…In vivo study articles assess biomarkers as anti-inflammatory parameters: TNF-alpha, serum MPO, and IL-6 [28]. Antioxidants and anti-free radicals i.e., hypoxia markers consisting of [glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)], [28] and glutathione (GSH); [29] Wound healing accelerators are pS6, pAKT, and NF-B [29]. There was no information on the safety parameters of propolis administration in the in vivo study, but it was reported that no rats died or had systemic disorders due to propolis administration.…”