Comparative Study of Glyceryl Behenate or Polyoxyethylene 40 Stearate-Based Lipid Carriers for Trans-Resveratrol Delivery: Development, Characterization and Evaluation of the In Vitro Tyrosinase Inhibition

Abstract

Trans-resveratrol (RSV) is a natural compound with several properties, such as the ability to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme, with potential application as a skin-lightning agent and for the treatment of skin disorders associated with hyperpigmentation and melanogenesis. However, the drug faces several drawbacks which altogether limit its therapeutic application. Thus, drug loading into nanocarriers emerge as an alternative to circumvent these problems. Herein, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been employed for RSV encapsulation, with comparison of two different lipids, glyceryl behenate (more hydrophobic), and polyoxyethylene 40 (PEG 40) stearate. PEG 40 stearate-containing NLCs presented smaller particle size and polydispersity compared with glyceryl behenate, attributed to better emulsification and nanoparticle formation, resulting in higher RSV encapsulation efficiency. Drug was loaded in both carriers as a molecular dispersion. Furthermore, the formulations had very low RSV release, which occurred due to the crystallinity degree of lipid matrix, in accordance with the DSC data. Moreover, RSV cytotoxicity against L-929 cells was not increased when loaded into nanocarriers. Interestingly, RSV-loaded formulation prepared with PEG-40 stearate resulted on greater tyrosinase inhibition than RSV solution and formulation containing glyceryl behenate, equivalent to 1.31 and 1.83 times higher, respectively, demonstrating that the incorporation of RSV into NLC allowed an enhanced tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Overall, the results obtained herein evidence potential for future in vivo evaluation of RSV-loaded NLCs.

Natural and Bioinspired Phenolic Compounds as Tyrosinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Skin Hyperpigmentation: Recent Advances

“…Monoolein and lauroylcholine chloride-based vesicles have proven efficient at delivering 3-hydroyxcoumarin to the deeper skin layers [240]. NLCs as well as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been employed instead for resveratrol encapsulation, enhancing its tyrosinase inhibitory activity [241,242] Good results have been obtained also with nanoparticles from calli of resveratrol-enriched rice [243].…”

β-Sitosterol Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier: Physical and Oxidative Stability, In Vitro Simulated Digestion and Hypocholesterolemic Activity

“…In vitro drug release studies also play an important role in the prediction of the formulation behavior during the various stages of digestion. Depending on the composition, different mechanisms are involved in the release process of nanoparticles, including matrix erosion (hydrolytic degradation), diffusion, and drug release from the nanoparticle surface [39]. In lipid nano carriers, drug release is mainly governed by diffusion and erosion and is expected to be slower from the more lipophilic matrices and carriers with a higher encapsulation efficiency and lower degree of crystallinity.…”

“…In lipid nano carriers, drug release is mainly governed by diffusion and erosion and is expected to be slower from the more lipophilic matrices and carriers with a higher encapsulation efficiency and lower degree of crystallinity. In NLCs, the presence of the liquid lipid results in a less-ordered structure which better accommodates the drug and prevents its expulsion [39,40]. In addition to the type of carrier, the release profile may be affected by the drug's physicochemical properties and the incorporation method of the drug into the formulation [39].…”

“…In NLCs, the presence of the liquid lipid results in a less-ordered structure which better accommodates the drug and prevents its expulsion [39,40]. In addition to the type of carrier, the release profile may be affected by the drug's physicochemical properties and the incorporation method of the drug into the formulation [39]. In the study carried out by Yuan et al (2007), NLCs produced by the solvent diffusion method presented a faster drug release compared with those obtained by the melt emulsification technique [41].…”

Galactosylated PLGA nanoparticles for the oral delivery of resveratrol: enhanced bioavailability and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity

“…18 Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have been employed for RES encapsulation. 19 The constructed NLCs based on PEG-40 stearate demonstrated enhanced tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Pujara et al developed RES-encapsulated soy protein isolate nanocomplexes and tested the performance for solubility and dissolution improvement.…”