Comparative study of cyanotoxins affecting cytoskeletal and chromatin structures in CHO-K1 cells

A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins

“…Lankoff et al [76] demonstrated that both pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial bloom extract effectively deregulated the cell cycle of CHO-K1 cells by damaging the mitotic spindle apparatus and induced both apoptosis and necrosis. Similarly, Gácsi et al [77] also reported that MC-LR reduced the number of mitotic cells, pre- [82] vented chromosome formation and induced apoptosis and necrosis in CHO-K1 cells, associated with shortening and degradation of major cytoskeletal components such as microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs), resulting in reproductive toxicity. MC-LR was also observed to induce cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase, which may be related to the apoptosis of CHO cells [79].…”

“…MC-LR exposure also induced TUNEL-positive testicular cells in rats following chronic, sub-chronic and acute exposure [46,64,65]. MC-LR-induced apoptosis/necrosis of rat Sertoli cells [71][72][73], spermatogonia [68], Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [76,77,80,81], and ovary cells of zebrafish [85] were also observed. Apoptosis of HeLa cells was also observed following exposure to MC-RR [82].…”

“…In fact, mtDNA was more sensitive than nuclear DNA (nDNA) to oxidative damage because the mitochondria are in close proximity to the free radical-producing electron transport chain (ETC) [33,112]. Chromatin alterations and abnormal anaphases were also reported in CHO-K1 cells exposed to pure microcystin-LR and Microsystis extracts, possibly associated with the shortening and degradation of cytoskeletal components [76,77]. If these changes occurred in spermatocyte and oocyte meiosis, the process of spermatogenesis or oogenesis would be affected, resulting in sperm and ovum abnormalities.…”

“…It has been documented that both protein phosphatase inhibition and oxidative stress induced by MCs may lead to cytoskeletal damage [117][118][119][120][121][122]. Gácsi et al [77] showed that apoptotic shrinkage in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells was associated with the shortening and loss of MFs and with a concentration-dependent depolymerization of MTs. In our previous study, we found that subchronic MC-LR exposure significantly disrupted the transcriptional balance of several cytoskeletal genes including ␤-actin, ␤-tublin, vimentin, ezrin, radixin, moesin, and stathmin in rat testis [33].…”

Global effects of subchronic treatment of microcystin-LR on rat splenetic protein levels

“…The toxic effects of MCLR on the cytoskeletal structures have been extensively investigated in zebrafish, rat and different cell types [12,22,[50][51][52][53][54]. All these studies detected altered expression of cytoskeleton and its associated proteins.…”