Comparative study between chemical, physical and enzymatic methods for Jatropha curcas kernel meal phorbol ester detoxification

Abstract

Detoxification of protein rich Jatropha kernel cake to eliminate the phorbol esters is a great challenge for its industrial utilization in food processing. Several methods either chemical or physical have been previously applied trying to degrade phorbol esters in Jatropha curcas seed cake, which are the main toxic compound with thermo-stable properties. The objective of this study was to compare the different methods to get rid of phorbol esters (PE) including, chemical treatments (0.1 M NaOH/90 % methanol, 85 % ethanol, 90 % methanol & 85 % ethanol (50:50) for 8 h), physical treatments (microwave, ultrasonic and microwave + ultrasonic) and enzymatic treatment by crude germinated Jatropha seed lipase (CGJS). The results showed that the elimination of phorbol esters content chemically treated either by 0.1 M NaOH/90 % methanol or ethanol 85% had effectively decreased by 98.04 % and 98.17 %, respectively compared to control. The treatment by methanol 90% and ethanol 85% (50:50) gave degradation percentage of 95.43% of phorbol esters. The enzymatic elimination of phorbol esters by crude germinated Jatropha seed (CGJS) lipase proved high efficiency of detoxification by reducing the percentage to 98.43%. On the other hand, physical detoxification of Jatropha seed kernel showed good results with microwave treatment by reducing phorbol esters content to 86.29 %. Treatment by ultrasound has detoxified the phorbol esters content by 87.60 % in Jatropha curcas seed. While, combination between microwave & ultrasound increased the percentage of phorbol esters degradation to 88.38 %. In conclusion, enzymatic degradation of phorbol esters is a safe method for degradation as it is both an un-expensive and easy way for detoxification.

Alkaline and co-digestion pretreatments: process optimization for enhancing the methane yield of Jatropha press cake

“…However, the high purification cost hinders its use in such industries and usually considered organic waste [2]. While JPC contains toxic chemicals like phorbol ester and curcin [15], thus, the cake could not be directly used as animal feed or organic fertilizer [16]. As a result, managing and controlling these organic wastes become the most challenging issue for most biodiesel producers.…”

Exploring the Potency of Jatropha Seed Meal (Jatropha curcas) as a Chemoprevention Agent through Metastatic Inhibition

“…In the process of oil extraction from jatropha seeds, 70%-75% of phorbol esters will be sequestered in jatropha oil, and 25%-30% will be bound to byproducts of the extraction process, namely, jatropha seed meal (Gogoi et al, 2014). Phorbol esters must be removed from jatropha seed meal to increase its beneficial properties (Abou-Arab et al, 2019). Some phenolics, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids are found in jatropha seed meal extract.…”

“…The oil production process from jatropha seeds generates a byproduct called jatropha seed meal, which contains compounds with cytotoxic activity (Marrufo-Estrada et al, 2013). Several physical and chemical methods have been developed to remove phorbol esters, which are the predominant toxic compounds in jatropha seed meal and have thermostable properties (Abou-Arab et al, 2019). Jatropha curcas is well known for the ethnopharmacology of its traditional uses, but most of the information is empirical and lacks scientific validation (Oskoueian et al, 2011).…”

Bio‐detoxification of Jatropha curcas L. cake by a soil‐borne Mucor circinelloides strain using a zebrafish survival model and solid‐state fermentation

“…2018), chemical (Abou‐Arab et al . 2019) and biological methods (Sadubthummarak et al . 2013; Abou‐Arab et al .…”

“…2013; Abou‐Arab et al . 2019) have been developed to detoxify JCC. However, physicochemical methods can only remove a small amount of the toxins, and the treated JCC remains quite toxic (Teixeira et al .…”