Exploring the Potency of Jatropha Seed Meal (Jatropha curcas) as a Chemoprevention Agent through Metastatic Inhibition

Abstract

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) is often used as biodiesel because of the oil content in its seeds. The production of jatropha oil generates a byproduct in the form of jatropha seed meal, which contains compounds with cytotoxic activity and phorbol esters, as co-carcinogens and tumor promoters. Meanwhile, metastasis is one of the characteristics of cancer where the cells spread to another tissue. This study aimed to determine the potential of jatropha seed meal as a chemoprevention agent, particularly an antimetastatic one, under bioinformatic study and molecular docking. Genecards and DAVID were performed to explore the protein involved in the metastatic process and its gene ontology. The prediction target protein was caught by SwissTargetPrediction. Jatropha seed meal showed the presence of isoamericanol A, myricetin, daidzein, gallic acid, and rutin. There are 11 prediction target proteins correlated to metastatic in extracellular matrix components. Then we were docked to a protein involved in metastasis, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (PDB ID: 6ESM) using MOE software. The docking score determined the interaction properties. The docking analysis revealed that isoamericanol A, daidzein, and myricetin exhibited better binding affinity than native ligands and other compounds. Moreover, based on our literature study, the jatropha seed meal contains isoamericanol A, rutin, myricetin, daidzein, and gallic acid, which present anticancer properties by inhibition of cell invasion and migration, cell cycle arrest induction, and suppression of the MMP-9 activity. Overall, jatropha seed meal has potential as an antimetastatic agent. A comprehensive study is needed to explore the possibility of developing it as a supportive agent in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent.