Comparative structural characterization of 7 commercial galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) products

Leeuwen, Sander S. van; Kuipers, Bas J. H.; Dijkhuizen, Lubbert; Kamerling, Johannis P.

doi:10.1016/j.carres.2016.03.006

Cited by 83 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…GOS ( 12 – 14 ) typically have degrees of polymerization ranging from 2 to 10 Glycosyl linkages include β−1,3 ( 12 ), β−1,4 ( 13 ), and/or β−1,6 ( 14 ), and the type of linkage is determined by enzyme source. [101, 102] For example, β-galactosidases from Kluyveromyces lactis and Aspergillus oryzae generate predominantly β−1,6 linked GOS ( 14 ). [103, 104] In contrast, β-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans produces predominately β−1,4 linked GOS ( 13 ).…”

Section: Carbohydrate Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function

Ackerman

Craft

Townsend

2017

Carbohydrate Research

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Professional health bodies such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) recommend breast milk as the sole source of food during the first year of life. This position recognizes human milk as being uniquely suited for infant nutrition. Nonetheless, most neonates in the West are fed alternatives by 6 months of age. Although inferior to human milk in most aspects, infant formulas are able to promote effective growth and development. However, while breast-fed infants feature a microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, the bacterial flora of formula-fed infants is usually heterogeneous with comparatively lower levels of bifidobacteria. Thus, the objective of any infant food manufacturer is to prepare a product that results in a formula-fed infant developing a breast-fed infant-like microbiota. The goal of this focused review is to discuss the structure, synthesis, and function of carbohydrate additives that play a role in governing the composition of the infant microbiome and have other health benefits.

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Section: Carbohydrate Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function

Ackerman

Craft

Townsend

2017

Carbohydrate Research

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“…GOS are synthesized on a large scale by incubating specific β-galactosidase enzymes with high concentrations of lactose where the enzymes form complex GOS mixtures via transglycosylation reactions that contain many molecules of differing length, linkage type and branching24252627. When consumed, GOS reach the distal colon similar to HMOs where they are degraded by resident bacteria28, promoting the growth of bacterial families, including Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae , in the intestine of infants in a similar ratio to that found in the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When consumed, GOS reach the distal colon similar to HMOs where they are degraded by resident bacteria28, promoting the growth of bacterial families, including Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacteroidaceae , in the intestine of infants in a similar ratio to that found in the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants. GOS are very complex mixtures25, and very little is known about what components within GOS offer the same HMOs-like effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides activate mucin and pectic galactan utilization pathways in the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Bueren

Leeuwen

Dijkhuizen

2017

Sci Rep

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Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic carbohydrates that impart changes in the gut bacterial composition of formula-fed infants to more closely resemble that of breast-fed infants. Consuming human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) provides specific bacterial strains with an advantage for colonizing the infant intestine. These same effects are seen in infants after GOS consumption, however GOS are very complex mixtures and the underlying molecular mechanisms of how GOS mimic HMOs are relatively unknown. Here we studied the effects of GOS utilization on a prominent gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, which has been previously shown to consume HMOs via mucin O-glycan degradation pathways. We show that several pathways for targeting O-mucin glycans are activated in B. thetaiotaomicron by GOS, as well as the galactan utilization sytem. Characterization of the endo-galactanase from this system identified activity on various longer GOS substrates while a subset of GOS compounds were identified as potential activators of mucin glycan metabolism in B. thetaiotaomicron. Our results show that GOS functions as an inducer of mucin-glycan pathways while providing a nutrient source in the form of β-(1 → 4)-galactan. These metabolic features of GOS mixtures may serve to explain the beneficial effects that are seen for GOS supplemented infant formula.

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“…The disaccharides 6-galactobiose and allolactose and trisaccharides 3-galactosyl-lactose and 6-galactosyl-lactose have been also described as the principal transgalactosylation products using β-galactosidases from K. lactis [22], Aspergillus aculeatus [34], and L. sakei [32], among others, while in the case of the trisaccharide 6-galactotriose (6 -galactosyl-6-galactobiose), it has not been reported before as a product of enzymatic synthesis by β-galactosidases [35], and its presence in commercial GOS is not common [36]. As it can be seen, this trisaccharide was accumulated at the end of reaction, and the concentration of 6-galactobiose was increased (Tables 1 and 2).…”

Section: Kinetics and Gos Production Profile With Permeabilized Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactooligosaccharide Production from Pantoea anthophila Strains Isolated from “Tejuino”, a Mexican Traditional Fermented Beverage

Yañez-Ñeco¹,

Rodríguez-Colinas

Amaya-Delgado³

et al. 2017

Catalysts

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Abstract:Two Pantoea anthophila bacterial strains were isolated from "tejuino", a traditional Mexican beverage, and studied as β-galactosidase producers for galactooligosaccharides synthesis. Using 400 g/L of lactose, 50 • C, and 15 U/mL of β-galactosidase activity with ethanol-permeabilized cells, the maximum galactooligosaccharides (GOS) yield determined by High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) was 136 g/L (34% w/w of total sugars) at 96% of lactose conversion for Bac 55.2 and 145 g/L (36% w/w of total sugars) at 94% of lactose conversion for Bac 69.1. The main synthesized products were the disaccharides allolactose [Gal-β(1 → 6)-Glc] and 6-galactobiose [Gal-β(1 → 6)-Gal], as well as the trisaccharides 3 -galactosyl-lactose [Gal-The β-galactosidases present in both strains showed a high transgalactosylation activity and formed principally β(1 → 3) and β(1 → 6) linkages. Considering the stability and bifidogenic properties of GOS containing such types of bonds, P. anthophila strains Bac 55.2 and Bac 69.1 possess a high potential as novel biocatalysts for prebiotic industrial production.

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Comparative structural characterization of 7 commercial galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) products

Cited by 83 publications

References 19 publications

Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function

Infant food applications of complex carbohydrates: Structure, synthesis, and function

Prebiotic galactooligosaccharides activate mucin and pectic galactan utilization pathways in the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron

Galactooligosaccharide Production from Pantoea anthophila Strains Isolated from “Tejuino”, a Mexican Traditional Fermented Beverage

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