Comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after oral administration

Abstract

Comparative pharmacokinetics of norfloxacin nicotinate (NFXNT) was investigated in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius auratus) after a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Analyses of plasma samples were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fluorescence detection. After oral dose, plasma concentration-time curves of common carp and crucian carp were best described by a two-compartment open model with first-order absorption. The pharmacokinetic parameters of common carp were similar to those of crucian carp. The distribution half-life (t1/2α ), elimination half-life (t1/2β ), peak concentration (Cmax ), time-to-peak concentration (Tmax ), and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of common carp were 1.58 h, 26.33 h, 6069.79 μg/L, 1.08 h, and 103072.36 h·μg/L, respectively, and those corresponding to crucian carp were 1.36 h, 26.55 h, 9586.06 μg/L, 0.84 h, and 126604.4 h·μg/L, respectively. These studies demonstrated that 10 mg NFXNT/kg body weight in common carp and crucian carp following oral dose presented good pharmacokinetic characteristics.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of vancomycin after oral administration in crucian carp

“…It was relatively higher in comparison with some other species of antibacterial agents in fish with similar temperature. In this respect, Xu et al reported that the K a value of norfloxacin nicotinate in plasma was 2.75/hr at 20°C for crucian carp after oral administration (Xu, Ai, Liu, & Yang, ), which was similar to the reported value of chloramphenicol (3.02/hr) in carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) at 20°C (Huang, Sun, Li, & Huang, ). Moreover, it was found that the K a value of difloxacin was 1.27/hr at 20°C (Ding et al, ) and that of quinocetone was 1.65/hr in crucian carp at 24°C (Liu et al, ).…”

“…In this study, the plasma value of AUC was 15.12 mg hr/L. Ding et al reported that the AUC value of difloxacin in crucian carp was 355.2 mg hr/ml at 20°C after oral administration (Ding et al, ), which was much higher than that of quinocetone (126.6 µg hr/ml) with the same temperature (Xu et al, ). In addition, it was reported that there was a significant difference for AUC between low temperature group and high temperature group.…”

“…In combination with the parameters obtained above, the maximum plasma concentration ( C max ) of vancomycin was 216.58 µg/L. In this regard, higher values of 6,069 and 9,586 µg/L for norfloxacin in common carp and crucian carp were reported (Xu et al, ) respectively. Quinocetone showed a value of 452 µg/L for crucian carp (Yang, Wang, Ai, Yuan, & Liu, ) and 10.28 µg/ml for difloxacin was reported in crucian carp (Ding et al, ).…”

Occurrence and human dietary assessment of fluoroquinolones antibiotics in cultured fish around Tai Lake, China

“…Because of the unique structure of the intestinal tract in all Cyprinidae fish, fluoroquinolones are very easily absorbed and transferred into the bloodstream. For example, the bioavailability of enrofloxacin has been found to be as high as 86% . The wide use of fluoroquinolones in the production of livestock may also indirectly contribute toward the residual fluoroquinolones in fish muscle tissue and influence dietary safety .…”

“…Because of the unique structure of the intestinal tract in all Cyprinidae fish, fluoroquinolones are very easily absorbed and transferred into the bloodstream. For example, the bioavailability of enrofloxacin has been found to be as high as 86% [30][31][32][33].…”